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micro biology > lect 5-bact. genome replication, expression and regulation 1 > Flashcards

lect 5-bact. genome replication, expression and regulation 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

how are nucleic acids in DNA and RNA linked together

A

phosphodiester bonds

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2
Q

how do DNA and RNA differ

A

nitrogen bases they contain, sugars they contain, whether they are single or double stranded

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3
Q

how are polymers of amino acids linked

A

peptide bonds

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4
Q

define replication fork

A

where DNA is unwound

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5
Q

define replicon

A

origin and is replicated as a unit (entire genome in bacteria)

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6
Q

what does DnaA do

A

initiation of replication; binds OriC

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7
Q

what does DnaB do

A

helicase; breaks hydrogen bonds holding 2 strands of double helix together; promotes DNA primes activity; involved in primosome assembly

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8
Q

define DNA gyrase

A

relieves supercoiling of DNA produced as DNA strands are separated by helicases; separates daughter molecules in final stages of replication

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9
Q

SSB proteins

A

bind SS DNA after strands are separated by helicases

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10
Q

what does DnaC do

A

helicase loader; helps direct DnaB protein to DNA template

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11
Q

what does DNA primes do

A

synthesis if RNA primer; component of primosome

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12
Q

what does DNA polymerase III do

A

catalyzes most of the DNA synthesis that occurs during DNA replication; has exonuclease (proofreading)

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13
Q

DNA polymerase I

A

removes RNA primers; fills gaps in DNA formed by removal of RNA primer

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14
Q

what does ribonuclease H do

A

removes RNA primers

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15
Q

what does DNA ligase do

A

seals nicked DNA, joining DNA fragments together

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16
Q

what does Tus do

A

termination of replication

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17
Q

what does topoisomerase IV do

A

separation of chromosomes upon completion of DNA replcation

18
Q

what does the beta clamp, alpha, portion and tau portion of the holoenzyme do

A

beta: binds to DNA, alpha forms the bond and tau helps stabilize for proofreading

19
Q

what does the epsilon subunit of holoenzyme do

A

for fidelity and proofreading

20
Q

what does helices do

A

unwinds DNA strands

21
Q

what does DNA gyrase do

A

it is a topoisomerase that introduces negative supercoiling to help compact bacterial chromosome (reduces tension)

22
Q

what is proofreading carried out by

A

polymerase 3 (epsilon portion)

23
Q

what direction is the template strand of DNA read in

A

3’ to 5’ direction

24
Q

what is the start codon

A

AUG

25
Q

what does mRNA do

A

carries the message for protein synthesis

26
Q

what does tRNA do

A

carries aa during protein synthesis

27
Q

what does rRNA do

A

components of ribosomes

28
Q

where is the RNA:DNA hybrid contained

A

in the transcription bubble

29
Q

what is aa activation catalyzed by

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

30
Q

describe the 16S subunit

A

binds specifically to mRNA (shine delgarno sequence)

31
Q

describe 23S rRNA

A

ribozyme catalyzes peptide bond formation

32
Q

what are the 3 phases of elongation of polypeptide chain

A

aminoacyl-tRNA binding, transpeptidation reaciton, translocation

33
Q

what are the nonsense (stop) codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

34
Q

what forms the channel in the membrane for the Sec-dependent pathway

A

SecY, secE, secG

35
Q

what translocates pre protein through the plasma membrane in sec-dep. pathway

A

secA

36
Q

describe Tat system

A

translocated folded proteins with twin arginine residues in their sequence; works with Type II secretion system

37
Q

describe IV secretion system

A

secrete DNA from donor recipient bacterium during conjugation

38
Q

what types of protein secretion are only found in gram negative

A

types 2, 3, and 5

39
Q

describe type 5 sec-dependent transport

A

autotransporters-transport themselves out

40
Q

define attenuation

A

termination of transcription within the leader region (occurs through step-loop structures in the mRNA)

micro biology (10 decks)

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