lect 4 Flashcards
what are the effects of the anthrosphere on earth?
what are the connections between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere and biosphere?
what is the evolution of the anthrosphere?
- ignore pollution: dump wastes
- control pollutants and wastes after production
- closed loop systems: integrate with the total environment
-illustrates the definition of environmental chemistry, i.e. study of the sources of reactions, transport, effects and fate of chemical species in water/soil/air and living environments and the effects of technology thereon
what is the chemical fate and transport of the anthrosphere??
-interchanges of contaminants released from the anthrosphere among various segments of the other environmental spheres and illustrations of pathways involved in chemical fate and transport
what does the evolution of the anthrosphere to a more environmentally compatible state?
what is the definition of green chemistry?
sustainable, safe, and nonpolluting practice of chemical science and manufacturing that consumes minimum amounts of materials and energy while producing little or no waste
-achieving atom economy and risk reduction are major concerns of green chemistry
-risk=f (hazard x exposure)
what are the aspects of green chemistry?
-chemical transformation under mild conditions
-green catalysts
-solventless processes
-less dangerous and polluting solvents
-supercritical fluids
-process intensification
-electricity
-renewable feedstocks (e.g. FW recent)
what are agro-waste ternary composites?
can biopolymer absorbents be used to address lead removal in drinking water?
what was the key result of the agro-waste biomass?
what is the goal of green chemistry? (maybe)
-design for degradability
-biodegradable polymers
what are the 3 characteristics of undesirable chemicals (DDT vs Parathion)?
- persistence (e.g. DDT)
- bioaccumulation
- toxicity (e.g. parathion
risk= f (hazard x exposure)
what are the 2 categories of environmental issues depending on cultural contexts?
-rapid population growth in less developed countries
-consumer demand in the developed countries
what are global environmental concerns?
-a major environmental concern is contamination of groundwater supplies
-a major outcome of industrial human activity has been the population of air/water
what are the issues of less developed countries and developed countries?
what are less developed countries (LDC)?
-70-80% world’s population and 90% of population growth
-we will not be discussing the wide scope of issues in LDC
what are developed countries?
20% of the world population, but consume 70-80% of world resources and energy
-most significant: long term effects of the impact of industrial pollution on the environment of developed countries
understanding terminology?
- define the following term
- where are these regions found?
- what are they composed of?
-atmosphere
-hydrosphere
-geosphere
-biosphere
-anthrosphere
-ecosystem
-contaminant
-pollutant
-xenobiotic compound
what are the two cycles?
-energy cycles: solar energy drives photosynthesis
-matter cycles: biogeochemical cycle describes the circulation of matter (e.g. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)
what are the environmental compartments?
-atmosphere
-hydrosphere
-geosphere
-biosphere
-anthrosphere
what are the processes transferring substances between compartments?
-flux: amount of material transferring between compartments (kinetic parameter; rate)
-burden: masses of material in each compartment
what are some units and significant figures?
what are some dimensionless units?
the fat content in a certain grade of milk is 1 g per liter of milk. What is the dimensionless concentration (wt. based) of fat in thus type of milk based on mass? You may assume the density of milk is 1g/mL. i.e. determine Xi
what is the first rule of significant figures?
counting sig figs:
-all non-zero digits are significant
-all interior zeros are significant
-leading zeros are not significant ex. 0.00067 (2 sig figs)
-trailing zeros are signficant
-exact numbers have unlimited sig figs and should not be considered in calculations (e.g. Na, pi, h, etc)
what is the second rule for significant figures?
what are two examples of why significant figures are important?
what is the graph of the electromagnetic spectrum?
what are the properties of light?
what is 560 nm converted in meters?
convert 400 nm into v?
in 1900, what did Max Planck propose?
that light also behaves as A particle
what is the basic plant photosynthesis?
why is photosynthesis important?
-cycles of C, O depends highly on photosynthesis
-microorganisms fix C as they consume CO2
what is the differences between non-edible cellulose and edible starch (biomass)?
what is the graph of photosynthesis?
what are the biogeochemical cycles?
-exogenic cycles
-endogenic cycles
-soil and sediment are the interface between the two
what is the exogenic cycles?
-occur on surface
-mainly atmosphere, but involve other compartments as well
what is the endogenic cycles?
involve sub surface rocks
what is the carbon cycle?
part of exogenic and endogenic cycles
what is the nitrogen cycle?
part of the exogenic and endogenic cycles
what is the phosphorus cycle?
part of endogenic cycle
what is the sulfur cycle?
considered part of both exogenic and endogenic cycles
what are the N, C, S cycles?
-the cycles of matter affect the fate and transport of pollutants
-endogenic cycles: subsurface region of the geosphere (e.g. mineralization processes)
-exogenic cycles: occur on the earth’s surface and have an atmospheric component
-soil and sediment are the interface between the two
-the phosphorus cycle does not have an atmospheric phase in contrast to C, N, S cycles
what is the chemistry of the cycles (acid-base, redox, precipitation, and complex formation)
what some important concepts from chem 115?
-chemical equilibria (examples)
-acid-base equilibria
-organic chemistry
-intermolecular forces
