LEC2 - DNA AND RNA Flashcards
1
Q
through the process of ___ we will be able to make RNA - a single stranded structure
A
transcription
2
Q
can we revert back the RNA to DNA
A
yes, through reverse transcription using an enzyme
3
Q
the enzyme that can revert the RNA back to DNA is the ___
A
revert transcriptase
4
Q
the transcripted RNA is called as
A
messenger RNA
5
Q
in order for the mRNA to become protein, it needs to under go what process??
A
translation
6
Q
specific function of proteins
A
building block of muscles
catalyzes the enzyme activity
making hormones
7
Q
3 main action in making protein
A
dna replication
transcription
translation
8
Q
template and product in DNA replication
A
DNA
9
Q
template and product in DNA transcription
A
DNA is the template and the producing RNA
10
Q
template and product in translation
A
mRNA;protein
11
Q
is the fundamental units of genetic information
A
deoxyribonucleic acid
12
Q
how many terabytes of data can DNA store
A
7 terabytes
13
Q
a chemical basis of heredity
A
DNA
14
Q
the blueprint of living organisms
A
DNA
15
Q
the linear DNA is called as
A
nuclear DNA
16
Q
they proposed the double helical structure of DNA
A
James watson and Francis crick 1953
17
Q
the double helical structure is first introduced to us by
A
johannes friedrich miescher
18
Q
where can we find the chrmosomes
A
inside the nucleus
19
Q
inside the chromatids is a coiled DNA that has an important protein called
A
histone
20
Q
histone is imprtant in
A
specificity of DNA
21
Q
the target of the science of epigenetics (science of modification)
A
histones
22
Q
DNA is composed of the backbone, which is composed of 2 important groups. What are thsoe
A
sugar and phosphate
23
Q
DNA was first recognized and identified by the
Swiss Physician/biologist, Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869 during his research on _____
A
white blood cells.
24
Q
The double helix structure of a DNA molecule
was later discovered through the experimental
data by
A
James Watson and Francis Crick.
25
they proved that DNA is responsible
for storing the genetic information of a human
being.
James Watson and Francis Crick.
26
Johannes Friedrich
Miescher found that DNA is releasing white substance called as
nuclein
27
DNA from a single cell is _________
long if fully stretched out
6 feet
28
DNA has three types of
chemical component
phosphate
pentose sugar
nitrogenous base
29
how many hydroxyl group does phosphate group has
3
Two hydroxyl for phosphodiester bonds and 1 that is free giving the molecule a negative charge
30
A PENTOSE SUGAR, ___ or ____, in a furanose ring form
ribose or deoxyribose
31
why is it called as deoxyribose in DNA
as one atom is removed from the 2nd carbon atom
32
____hold the base on one side and
the phosphate on the other side. Thus,
it hold the components of the
nucleotide together
Sugar
33
four nitrogenous bases—
.
adenine
, guanine
cytosine
, and thymine
34
Purines – double rings
* Guanine
* Adenine
35
Pyrimidines - single rings
* Cytosine
* Thymine
36
NUCLEOTIDES is composed of
phosphate group
pentose sugar
nitrogenous bases
37
wht if we removed phosphate group in nucleotide is called as
nucleoside
38
the sugar and the phosphate group is attached by
phosphodiester bonds
39
the sugar and the nitrogenous base is attached by
GLYCOSIDIC BOND
40
how do we connect the base pairs to each other
tru hydrogen bond
41
which one is strong and weak bond
phosphodiester bonds or hydrogen bond
phosphodiester bonds = strong
hydrogen bond = weak
42
adenine and thymine is connected by how many hydrogen bond
2 hydrogen bond
43
cytosine and guanine is connected by how many hydrogen bond
3 hydrogen bond
44
the direction of DNA bonds
anti-parallel
45
The double-stranded molecule is twisted to form a helix with
major and minor groove
46
What is the significance of the MAJOR
and MINOR GROOVE
Based on their analysis, it is the site
where the transcription factors interact
47
how many forms of DNA we have
B, Z, and A form
48
dna form
B, Z, and A form
which one is the right handed and left handed in terms of configuation
B, and A - right handed
Z is the left handed
49
among the 2 right handed dna form which one is largr
B form
50
which DNA form must have a minimal amount
Z form
51
increased amount of Z form signifies
stress
tension
compression
52
the major and minor grooves consist of how many base pairs we have per turn
10 base pairs
53
a biochemist, discovered that the
number of nitrogenous bases in the DNA was
present in equal quantities
Erwin Chargaff,
54
he sets the parity rule
Erwin Chargaff,
55
application of DNA in mol bio
PCR - amplifying millions and billions of copy of your DNA
56
3 steps in polymerase chain reaction
1. Denaturation of the DNA
2. Primer Annealing
3. Primer Extension by DNA Polymerase
57
a step in PCR that uses heat to separate or unwind the DNA around 95*C
Denaturation of the DNA
58
the step of PCR, here 40 to 60 oC
it uses primers and bind the regions that you wish to amplify
primer annealing
59
the step of PCR heated in 72oc, synthesizing your desired DNA sequence
Primer Extension by DNA polymerase
60
There usually are _____ cycles in
performing PCR, taking about 4
hours.
30
61
in invivo, new strand formed of dna is called as
replication
62
in invito, new strand formed of dna is called as
pcr
63
what's the shape of the The entire chromosome of the bacterium
Escherichia coli
circular
64
The entire chromosome of the bacterium
Escherichia coli is circular and contains more
than ____ base pairs
43, 106
65
The DNA molecule in the longest human
chromosome is linear and is over ____ cm long.
7.2
66
nucleus found in mitochhondria is called as
mitochondrial DNA
or mtDNA)
67
mitochondrial DNA
or mtDNA) is prone in mutation for how many times
5-10 times prone
68
mitochondrial DNA
or mtDNA) originates in
maternal origin
69
The _____ is a double-stranded circular DNA
molecule found within the mitochondrial matrix.
mitochondrial genome
70
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
Differences From DNA
size - smaller
sugar - ribose
nucleotide - thymine < uracil
form - single stranded
71
eukaryotic has how many rna proteins
4 rna - transfer, ribosomal, messenger, small nuclear
72
the most abundant rna protein
mRNA
73
the least rna protein
snRNA
74
longest RNA
mRNA
75
labile RNA
mRNA
76
the one with different purpose among the RNA
snRNA
77
initially synthesized as
single-stranded polymer by
the process of transcript
RNA
78
linked into
a polar molecule by
phosphodiester bonds
Ribonucleotides
79
Uridine is also called as
uracil
80
RNA forms
A-Form Helix
DNA-RNA Hybrids
81
a form of RNA that shows A-form conformations
DNA-RNA Hybrids
82
double helical regions assume
conformations resembling A-DNA- antiparallel
A-Form Helix
83
Roles of Some RNAs
structural
interact
catalytic function
84
RNA can create hairpin Loop, which is called as
contains helices, hairpin loops,
internal loops, and bulges
. 5S Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
85
base pairing and
extensive stacking
interactions producing it's compact shape
Transfer RNA
(tRNA)
86
3 functionally distinct classes
for prokaryotes
mrna, t rna, rRna
87
Most heterogeneous type in terms of :
size and and base sequence
88
carries genetic information from DNA → cytosol → ribosomes → template for protein synthesis
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
89
how mRna is created
DNA--> transcription--> mRna--> go to ribosomes --> protein synthesis
90
Prokaryotic mRNA carries multiple polypeptides which is called as
Polycistronic
91
what are the parts of mRNA
Cistrons
Leader Sequence/5’-Untranslated Region (5’-ULR)
Trailer Sequence/3’-Untranslated Region (3’-UTR)
q- contain sequences that are never translated in
intercistronic Regions / Spacers -
92
area where we code the protein is called as
cistronic are
93
the region between cistrons
spaces/intercistronic region
94
which part of the prokaryotic mRna is non coding site
Trailer Sequence/3’-Untranslated Region (3’-UTR
95
in eukaryotic mRNA. How many site of translation we have for protein synthesis
1 - monocistronic
96
additional component in eukaryotic mRna
7-methylguanylate or called as CAP area
AAAn3 or Poly A tail
97
function of CAP
protect the nascent mRNA from degradation
2. initiate the translation on the ribosome
98
function of Poly adenylate sequence
protect mRNA against degradation
prepares mRNA for transport cytoplasm
serves as the binding site for the initiation of translation proteins
99
eukaryotic mRNA came from or its precursor
heterogenous nuclear RNA - hnRNA
100
poly A tail is found in which end
3'
101
cap is found in what mRNA end
5'
102
found in association with
different proteins as
components of the
ribosomes (site of protein
synthesis)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
103
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) functions
Structural
Ribozyme
80% of Ribosomal mass
104
catalytic for
some of the translation
reaction
Ribozyme
105
80% of Ribosomal mass
Ribozyme
106
1. Prokaryotic rRNA
a. Basic Features and 3 types:
1. 23S rRNA- 2904 nucleotides
2. 16S rRNA- 1541 nucleotides
3. 5S Rrna- 120 nucleotides
107
“S” svedberg unit is use for
determination of shape
108
1. Eukaryotic rRNA
Basic Features
----
28S rRNA- 4718 nucleotides
18S rRNA- 1874 nucleotides
5.8S rRNA- 160 nucleotides
5S rRNA- 120 nucleotides
109
Eukaryotic rRNA
28S rRNA- 4718 nucleotides
is found in
60 s ribosomes
110
Eukaryotic rRNA
18S rRNA- 1874 nucleotides is found in
40 s ribosomes
111
Eukaryotic rRNA
5.8S rRNA- 160 nucleotides
5S rRNA- 120 nucleotides is found in
60s ribosomes
112
smallest (4S)
Transfer RNA (tRNA
113
serve as adaptor molecule
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
114
Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries what amino acids
tryptophan
lysine
aspartate
phenylalanine
115
EUKARYOTIC SMALL RNAs
two types
Small Cytoplasmic RNAs (scRNAs)-
Small Nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)
116
Used as a component for signal recognition
particles
Small Cytoplasmic RNAs (scRNAs)-
117
Small Nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) is also calked as
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein
particles(snRNPs)
118
Small Nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) function
for splicing --- converting hnRNA to mRNA
119
splieosome is made up of
sRNA and protein
120
the basic rRNA that is common to both eukaryotes and prokaryotes
5S
121
tree of life, has been used in taxonomical classification
16s
122
Serves as defense system of eukaryotic cell; used in laboratory to
“knock out” a gene being studied
Small Interfering RNA siRNA
123
Inhibits translation, affecting gene expression and cell development
. Micro RNA miRNA
