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MODX > LEC2 - DNA AND RNA > Flashcards

LEC2 - DNA AND RNA Flashcards

1
Q

through the process of ___ we will be able to make RNA - a single stranded structure

A

transcription

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2
Q

can we revert back the RNA to DNA

A

yes, through reverse transcription using an enzyme

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3
Q

the enzyme that can revert the RNA back to DNA is the ___

A

revert transcriptase

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4
Q

the transcripted RNA is called as

A

messenger RNA

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5
Q

in order for the mRNA to become protein, it needs to under go what process??

A

translation

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6
Q

specific function of proteins

A

building block of muscles
catalyzes the enzyme activity
making hormones

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7
Q

3 main action in making protein

A

dna replication
transcription
translation

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8
Q

template and product in DNA replication

A

DNA

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9
Q

template and product in DNA transcription

A

DNA is the template and the producing RNA

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10
Q

template and product in translation

A

mRNA;protein

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11
Q

is the fundamental units of genetic information

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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12
Q

how many terabytes of data can DNA store

A

7 terabytes

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13
Q

a chemical basis of heredity

A

DNA

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14
Q

the blueprint of living organisms

A

DNA

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15
Q

the linear DNA is called as

A

nuclear DNA

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16
Q

they proposed the double helical structure of DNA

A

James watson and Francis crick 1953

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17
Q

the double helical structure is first introduced to us by

A

johannes friedrich miescher

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18
Q

where can we find the chrmosomes

A

inside the nucleus

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19
Q

inside the chromatids is a coiled DNA that has an important protein called

A

histone

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20
Q

histone is imprtant in

A

specificity of DNA

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21
Q

the target of the science of epigenetics (science of modification)

A

histones

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22
Q

DNA is composed of the backbone, which is composed of 2 important groups. What are thsoe

A

sugar and phosphate

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23
Q

DNA was first recognized and identified by the
Swiss Physician/biologist, Johannes Friedrich Miescher in 1869 during his research on _____

A

white blood cells.

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24
Q

The double helix structure of a DNA molecule
was later discovered through the experimental
data by

A

James Watson and Francis Crick.

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25
Q

they proved that DNA is responsible
for storing the genetic information of a human
being.

A

James Watson and Francis Crick.

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26
Q

Johannes Friedrich
Miescher found that DNA is releasing white substance called as

A

nuclein

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27
Q

DNA from a single cell is _________
long if fully stretched out

A

6 feet

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28
Q

DNA has three types of
chemical component

A

phosphate
pentose sugar
nitrogenous base

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29
Q

how many hydroxyl group does phosphate group has

A

3

Two hydroxyl for phosphodiester bonds and 1 that is free giving the molecule a negative charge

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30
Q

A PENTOSE SUGAR, ___ or ____, in a furanose ring form

A

ribose or deoxyribose

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31
Q

why is it called as deoxyribose in DNA

A

as one atom is removed from the 2nd carbon atom

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32
Q

____hold the base on one side and
the phosphate on the other side. Thus,
it hold the components of the
nucleotide together

A

Sugar

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33
Q

four nitrogenous bases—

.

A

adenine
, guanine
cytosine
, and thymine

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34
Q

Purines – double rings

A
  • Guanine
  • Adenine
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35
Q

Pyrimidines - single rings

A
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
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36
Q

NUCLEOTIDES is composed of

A

phosphate group
pentose sugar
nitrogenous bases

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37
Q

wht if we removed phosphate group in nucleotide is called as

A

nucleoside

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38
Q

the sugar and the phosphate group is attached by

A

phosphodiester bonds

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39
Q

the sugar and the nitrogenous base is attached by

A

GLYCOSIDIC BOND

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40
Q

how do we connect the base pairs to each other

A

tru hydrogen bond

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41
Q

which one is strong and weak bond

phosphodiester bonds or hydrogen bond

A

phosphodiester bonds = strong
hydrogen bond = weak

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42
Q

adenine and thymine is connected by how many hydrogen bond

A

2 hydrogen bond

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43
Q

cytosine and guanine is connected by how many hydrogen bond

A

3 hydrogen bond

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44
Q

the direction of DNA bonds

A

anti-parallel

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45
Q

The double-stranded molecule is twisted to form a helix with

A

major and minor groove

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46
Q

What is the significance of the MAJOR
and MINOR GROOVE

A

Based on their analysis, it is the site
where the transcription factors interact

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47
Q

how many forms of DNA we have

A

B, Z, and A form

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48
Q

dna form

B, Z, and A form

which one is the right handed and left handed in terms of configuation

A

B, and A - right handed
Z is the left handed

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49
Q

among the 2 right handed dna form which one is largr

A

B form

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50
Q

which DNA form must have a minimal amount

A

Z form

51
Q

increased amount of Z form signifies

A

stress
tension
compression

52
Q

the major and minor grooves consist of how many base pairs we have per turn

A

10 base pairs

53
Q

a biochemist, discovered that the
number of nitrogenous bases in the DNA was
present in equal quantities

A

Erwin Chargaff,

54
Q

he sets the parity rule

A

Erwin Chargaff,

55
Q

application of DNA in mol bio

A

PCR - amplifying millions and billions of copy of your DNA

56
Q

3 steps in polymerase chain reaction

A
  1. Denaturation of the DNA
  2. Primer Annealing
  3. Primer Extension by DNA Polymerase
57
Q

a step in PCR that uses heat to separate or unwind the DNA around 95*C

A

Denaturation of the DNA

58
Q

the step of PCR, here 40 to 60 oC

it uses primers and bind the regions that you wish to amplify

A

primer annealing

59
Q

the step of PCR heated in 72oc, synthesizing your desired DNA sequence

A

Primer Extension by DNA polymerase

60
Q

There usually are _____ cycles in
performing PCR, taking about 4
hours.

A

30

61
Q

in invivo, new strand formed of dna is called as

A

replication

62
Q

in invito, new strand formed of dna is called as

A

pcr

63
Q

what’s the shape of the The entire chromosome of the bacterium
Escherichia coli

A

circular

64
Q

The entire chromosome of the bacterium
Escherichia coli is circular and contains more
than ____ base pairs

A

43, 106

65
Q

The DNA molecule in the longest human
chromosome is linear and is over ____ cm long.

A

7.2

66
Q

nucleus found in mitochhondria is called as

A

mitochondrial DNA
or mtDNA)

67
Q

mitochondrial DNA
or mtDNA) is prone in mutation for how many times

A

5-10 times prone

68
Q

mitochondrial DNA
or mtDNA) originates in

A

maternal origin

69
Q

The _____ is a double-stranded circular DNA
molecule found within the mitochondrial matrix.

A

mitochondrial genome

70
Q

RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)

Differences From DNA

A

size - smaller
sugar - ribose
nucleotide - thymine < uracil
form - single stranded

71
Q

eukaryotic has how many rna proteins

A

4 rna - transfer, ribosomal, messenger, small nuclear

72
Q

the most abundant rna protein

A

mRNA

73
Q

the least rna protein

A

snRNA

74
Q

longest RNA

A

mRNA

75
Q

labile RNA

A

mRNA

76
Q

the one with different purpose among the RNA

A

snRNA

77
Q

initially synthesized as
single-stranded polymer by
the process of transcript

A

RNA

78
Q

linked into
a polar molecule by
phosphodiester bonds

A

Ribonucleotides

79
Q

Uridine is also called as

A

uracil

80
Q

RNA forms

A

A-Form Helix
DNA-RNA Hybrids

81
Q

a form of RNA that shows A-form conformations

A

DNA-RNA Hybrids

82
Q

double helical regions assume
conformations resembling A-DNA- antiparallel

A

A-Form Helix

83
Q

Roles of Some RNAs

A

structural
interact
catalytic function

84
Q

RNA can create hairpin Loop, which is called as

contains helices, hairpin loops,
internal loops, and bulges

A

. 5S Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

85
Q

base pairing and
extensive stacking
interactions producing it’s compact shape

A

Transfer RNA
(tRNA)

86
Q

3 functionally distinct classes

A

for prokaryotes

mrna, t rna, rRna

87
Q

Most heterogeneous type in terms of :

A

size and and base sequence

88
Q

carries genetic information from DNA → cytosol → ribosomes → template for protein synthesis

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

89
Q

how mRna is created

A

DNA–> transcription–> mRna–> go to ribosomes –> protein synthesis

90
Q

Prokaryotic mRNA carries multiple polypeptides which is called as

A

Polycistronic

91
Q

what are the parts of mRNA

A

Cistrons
Leader Sequence/5’-Untranslated Region (5’-ULR)
Trailer Sequence/3’-Untranslated Region (3’-UTR)
q- contain sequences that are never translated in
intercistronic Regions / Spacers -

92
Q

area where we code the protein is called as

A

cistronic are

93
Q

the region between cistrons

A

spaces/intercistronic region

94
Q

which part of the prokaryotic mRna is non coding site

A

Trailer Sequence/3’-Untranslated Region (3’-UTR

95
Q

in eukaryotic mRNA. How many site of translation we have for protein synthesis

A

1 - monocistronic

96
Q

additional component in eukaryotic mRna

A

7-methylguanylate or called as CAP area

AAAn3 or Poly A tail

97
Q

function of CAP

A

protect the nascent mRNA from degradation
2. initiate the translation on the ribosome

98
Q

function of Poly adenylate sequence

A

protect mRNA against degradation
prepares mRNA for transport cytoplasm
serves as the binding site for the initiation of translation proteins

99
Q

eukaryotic mRNA came from or its precursor

A

heterogenous nuclear RNA - hnRNA

100
Q

poly A tail is found in which end

A

3’

101
Q

cap is found in what mRNA end

A

5’

102
Q

found in association with
different proteins as
components of the
ribosomes (site of protein
synthesis)

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

103
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) functions

A

Structural
Ribozyme
80% of Ribosomal mass

104
Q

catalytic for
some of the translation
reaction

A

Ribozyme

105
Q

80% of Ribosomal mass

A

Ribozyme

106
Q
  1. Prokaryotic rRNA
    a. Basic Features and 3 types:
A
  1. 23S rRNA- 2904 nucleotides
  2. 16S rRNA- 1541 nucleotides
  3. 5S Rrna- 120 nucleotides
107
Q

“S” svedberg unit is use for

A

determination of shape

108
Q
  1. Eukaryotic rRNA
    Basic Features
A

28S rRNA- 4718 nucleotides
18S rRNA- 1874 nucleotides
5.8S rRNA- 160 nucleotides
5S rRNA- 120 nucleotides

109
Q

Eukaryotic rRNA
28S rRNA- 4718 nucleotides

is found in

A

60 s ribosomes

110
Q

Eukaryotic rRNA
18S rRNA- 1874 nucleotides is found in

A

40 s ribosomes

111
Q

Eukaryotic rRNA
5.8S rRNA- 160 nucleotides
5S rRNA- 120 nucleotides is found in

A

60s ribosomes

112
Q

smallest (4S)

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA

113
Q

serve as adaptor molecule

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

114
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA) carries what amino acids

A

tryptophan
lysine
aspartate
phenylalanine

115
Q

EUKARYOTIC SMALL RNAs

two types

A

Small Cytoplasmic RNAs (scRNAs)-
Small Nuclear RNAs (snRNAs)

116
Q

Used as a component for signal recognition
particles

A

Small Cytoplasmic RNAs (scRNAs)-

117
Q

Small Nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) is also calked as

A

Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein
particles(snRNPs)

118
Q

Small Nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) function

A

for splicing — converting hnRNA to mRNA

119
Q

splieosome is made up of

A

sRNA and protein

120
Q

the basic rRNA that is common to both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

A

5S

121
Q

tree of life, has been used in taxonomical classification

A

16s

122
Q

Serves as defense system of eukaryotic cell; used in laboratory to
“knock out” a gene being studied

A

Small Interfering RNA siRNA

123
Q

Inhibits translation, affecting gene expression and cell development

A

. Micro RNA miRNA

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