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MODX > LEC1 - INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY > Flashcards

LEC1 - INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

composed of two sister chromatids

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

connects two sister chromatids together, located centrally

A

centromere

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3
Q

DNA’s always product is

A

protein (macromolecules)

DNA –> RNA (translation) –> protein

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4
Q

it follows particular sequence, from replication of DNA, transcription of it to form RNA, and translation to form protein is called

A

protein

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5
Q

how many genetic code we have

A

64

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6
Q

Specialized science of molecular biology has what branches of science

A

Genetics + Biochemistry + Cell
Biology

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7
Q

Applications of molecular biology

A

Diagnosis
Research
Forensic analysis
Gene therapy
Paternity testing etc

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8
Q

examples of diseases that are diagnosed using molecular technology

A

Microbiological identifications of pathogens, Chromosomal imprinting (Angelman syndrome, Cystic fibrosis, Hemophilia, Hemochromatosis

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9
Q

one of the important use of research associated to molecular bio that is about the recombinant DNA technology

A

creation of human insulin

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10
Q

a process wherein an allele is deleted or changed from the chromosome to create or form something is called as

A

recombinant DNA

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11
Q

application of molecular biology

personalized medicine, diverse
form of treatment

A

gene therapy

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12
Q

providing treatment depending or based on the presence or absence of a particular gene

A

gene therapy

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13
Q

application of molbio that is about DNA testing

A

paternity testing

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14
Q

basis of biological activity in and between
cells, including molecular synthesis, modification,
mechanisms and interactions

A

molecular biology

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15
Q

In molecular Biology, Field of research that started due to the construction of
the DNA model.

A

○ DNA research
○ Genetic engineering
○ Gene sequencing

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16
Q

Development of mol bio

A

○ Forensics
○ Genetic fingerprinting
○ Human genome mapping

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17
Q

is the study
of the biochemical mechanisms of inheritance.

A

Molecular genetics, or molecular biology,

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18
Q

It is the study of the biochemical nature of the genetic
material and its control of phenotype.

A

Molecular genetics, or molecular biology,

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19
Q

make up of genes or SEQUENCE OF GENE translated into protein then which will be seen in our naked
eye

A

Genotype

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20
Q

It is the study of the connection between genotype and phenotype

A

molecular biology,

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21
Q

year when institutionalization of molecular biology, discovery of nucleic acid

A

1950s

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22
Q

In 1938, coined the term molecular biology by
____

A

Warren Weaver

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23
Q

on what year does DNA is discovered; the 2nd most important discovery in our history

A

1953

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24
Q

the most important discovery in the history of biology

A

charles’ darwin theory of evolution

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25
Q

-is a type of pentose sugar

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

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26
Q

what type of carbohydrate is DNA composed of?

A

ribose (pentose sugar )

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27
Q

how many carbon atoms does DNA has?

A

5 - pentose sugar ribose

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28
Q

In glycolysis, the how many percent will undergo the pentose
phosphate pathway

A

10%

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29
Q

phosphate group is attached to which position of carbon atoms of a monosaccharide-ribose?

A

5th carbon atom

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30
Q
A
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31
Q

nitrogenous base is attached to which position of carbon atoms of a monosaccharide-ribose?

A

1st carbon atom

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32
Q

is important in the charge of the DNA
which has a negative charge.

A

phosphate group

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33
Q

DNA is negatively charged
because of the availability of __

A

phosphate groups

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34
Q

Nitrogenous bases are ____&____ and ___&_____

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine which are complementarity paired.

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35
Q

they first described the
molecular structure of DNA, which they called a “double helix”

A

Francis Crick and James Watson

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36
Q

Is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charged molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins according to their size.

A

ELECTROPHORESIS

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37
Q

unit of DNA based on their size

A

Base pair

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38
Q

collections of DNA that are collected in
one separate unit. Lines that are running parallel to the sample well

A

DNA bands

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39
Q

area where the samples are put

A

sample wells

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40
Q

we separate DNA through the use of matrix, give an example of matrix

A

Polyacrylamide/ Agarose gel

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41
Q

The fluid responsible for the
electricality of the media - route of electricity

A

Aqueous buffer solution

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42
Q

principle of electrophoresis

A

Migration of particles from the area of
negative charge to positive charge that leads to separation of bonds.

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43
Q

how do dna fragments move or migrate in the process pf electrophoresis?

A

they migrate through the pores

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44
Q

the process of migration of dna fragments through the pores is called as

A

sieving

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45
Q

describe the relationship of the base pair or size of the dna fragment to its migration

A

inversely proportional,

the larger the dna fragments the slower and nearer migration (big size, slow pace)

smaller dna fragments can migrate much farther and faster (small size, fast pace)

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46
Q

1st lane in electrophoresis is called as

A

marker/DNA ladder/ molecular ruler

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47
Q

this lane in electrophoresis will give the actual size of base pairs

serves as the reference of the DNA migration

A

1st lane

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48
Q

Used to visualize DNA:

A

Fluorescent dye
UV transilluminator
Tracking dye

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49
Q

most commonly used Fluorescent dye

A

Ethidium bromide

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50
Q

Disadvantage of Ethidium bromide (Fluorescent dye)

A

cancerous

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51
Q

special instrument to EXCITE ethidium bromide to visibly emit fluorescence

A

ultra-violet (UV) transilluminator

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52
Q

used to make DNA heavier so that it
will be more combined to the matrix

it will as well track the progress of DNA migration as it moves along the electrophoresis

A

Tracking dye

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53
Q

example of Tracking dye

A

bromophenol/ bromphenol blue

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54
Q

______ is added that glows in UV light

A

DNA-binding dye

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55
Q

A technique used to specifically identify BIOMOLECULES following electrophoresis

A

BLOTTING/ DNA HYBRIDIZATION

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56
Q

aside from nucleic acid, we can use proteins in this technique

A

BLOTTING/ DNA HYBRIDIZATION

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57
Q

In BLOTTING/ DNA HYBRIDIZATION, if we are blotting DNA, we call it as

A

southern blot

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58
Q

In BLOTTING/ DNA HYBRIDIZATION, if we are blotting RNA, we call it as

A

Northern blot

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59
Q

In BLOTTING/ DNA HYBRIDIZATION, if we are blotting proteins, we call it as

A

Western blot

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60
Q

In western blot, we are blotting proteins, which specifically protein is it?

A

antibodies/immunoglobulins

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61
Q

In order to blot a particular biomolecule, we are needing a reagent. What kind of reagent?

A

Complementary probe or Complementary
labeled probe

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62
Q

short sequence of nucleic acid that is able to
identify DNA, RNA, or proteins

A

Probe

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63
Q

Scenario: blotting

Just in case you want to locate a particular nucleic sequence (Mpox)

You will use nitrocellulose filter that has an attached sequence of AAATTGGGC

what is the complementary DNA sequence you can detect?

A

TTTAACCCG

64
Q

RESTRICTION DIGEST is also called as

A

RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE

65
Q

If BLOTTING/ DNA HYBRIDIZATION requires complementary labeled probe to blot, RESTRICTION DIGEST/ ENDONUCLEASE will requires what?

A

restriction endonuclease enzyme

66
Q

restriction endonuclease enzyme sources are?

A

bacteria

67
Q

why do restriction endonuclease enzyme is named after bacteria?

A

it’s their origin

68
Q

E.cor IV restriction endonuclease enzyme is from

A

Escherichia coli

69
Q

restriction endonuclease is called in layman’s term as

A

molecular scissors

70
Q

a type of DNA found on organism

A

plasmid

71
Q

-type of DNA extracted in human

A

Genomic DNA

72
Q

used to make a cut on a particular segment of DNA

A

restriction endonuclease enzyme

73
Q

The process of joining two pieces of DNA together

A

LIGATION

74
Q

____ is useful when introducing a new piece of
DNA into another genome.

A

Ligation

75
Q

molecular ruler - 1st lane in electrophoresis
molecular scissor - restriction endonuclease enzyme
what is the molecular glue?

A

ligation enzyme - ligase

76
Q

A process used to amplify very small amounts of DNA to amounts which can be used in further experiments

A

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

77
Q

Is the most important technique in the world of molecular biology

A

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

78
Q

a technique in mol bio that ensure that we will have an appropriate amount
sample

A

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

79
Q

To amplify nucleic acid

A

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)

80
Q

is PCR a screening method?

A

nope, it’s a Confirmatory method

example, covid, RT-PCR is the confirmatory technique or method

81
Q

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) will use an automatic machine that is capable of changing the setting of temperature needed on the reaction, what is it called?

A

Thermal cycler or Thermocycler

82
Q

3 steps of PCR

A
  1. Denaturation
  2. Annealing
  3. Extension
83
Q

GENOME-BASED TESTING

APPLICATIONS

A

Diagnostic
Prognostic
Predictive
Therapeutic

84
Q

Genome-based testing

Identity of a disease

A

Diagnostic

85
Q

Genome-based testing

Determine the outcome of a disease

A

prognostic

86
Q

GENOME-BASED TESTIN

Determine the possibility of a disease

A

Predictive

87
Q

GENOME-BASED TESTING

Determine the response to a treatment

A

Therapeutic

88
Q

A Decade of Discoveries, or the stage of institutionalitation

A

1950s

89
Q

Setting the Stage for a Revolution

A

The 1960s

90
Q

Modern Biotechnology is Born

A

The 1970s

91
Q

A New Research Paradigm and the
Commercialization of Biotechnology

A

1980s

92
Q

A Period of Consolidation and Expansion

A

The 1990s

93
Q

New Challenges, New
Technologies

A

21stCentury and Beyond

94
Q

findings on
inheritance: Laws of Inheritance

A

Gregor Mendel (1856– 1863)

95
Q

Each parent contributes a
particle or genetic unit to the offspring

A

Law of Inheritance

96
Q

Rediscovery, 1900

modifies law of inheritance -
○ Nature of chromosome
○ Concept of gamete contains only one allele (ex. Number of chromosomes)

who are the significant person that modifies mendel’s law of inheritance

A

HugoDeVries, Carl Correns, Erich von Tschermak

97
Q

HugoDeVries, Carl Correns, Erich von Tschermak

what is the model organism used to modify the law of inheritance

A

Fruit fly - drosophila melanogaster

98
Q

why do Drosophila melanogaster is the ideal model organism for Confirming the Chromosomal Theory of
Inheritance

A

Bred cheaply and reproduces quickly

99
Q

1913, he created the first genetic
map

A

Alfred Sturtevant

100
Q

alfred sturtevant together with _______ they were able to devise the recombination of drosophila melanogaster which involves exchanges between multiple chromosomes in between different regions of same chromosome

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

101
Q

Chromosomal crossover in Drosophila
melanogaster (1931)

A

Curt Stern

102
Q

year of Recombination in mitosis producing
mosaics pattern

A

1936

103
Q

they are first to produce the genetic map of maize

A

Barbara McClintock and Harriet Creighton

104
Q

she was able to discover mobile
genetic element (transposons/ jumping genes)

A

Barbara McClintock

105
Q

transposons is also called as

A

jumping genes

106
Q

he isolated “nuclein”, DNA
with associated proteins from the cell nuclei.

A

Friedrich Miescher

107
Q

First person who made the isolation of nucleic acid through the bandage of wounded soldier

A

Friedrich Miescher

108
Q

Phoebus Levene discovered the following

A

○ 1909:D-Ribose recognition
○ 1910:Tetranucleotide Hypothesis
○ 1929:Deoxyribose discovery

109
Q

discovered transformation in
Diplococcus pneumoniae.

A

Frederick Griffith

110
Q

is the uptake
or acquisition of free or naked DNA from the
surrounding DNA.

A

Transformation

111
Q

a certain bacteria died which has the genes responsible for being resistant to a certain antibiotic and the living bacteria gets the gene from dead bacteria

transformation of transduction?

A

transformation

112
Q

demonstrated that
bacteriophages are composed of DNA and proteins.

A

M.Schlesinger

113
Q

acquisition of genetic DNA via the use of
bacteriophage.

A

Transduction

114
Q

published the results of
biochemica; genetics of Neurospora and established the “One gene one enzyme” hypothesis.

A

Beadle and Tatum

115
Q

is a
single unit of DNA.

A

gene

116
Q

the transforming principle of Diplococcus bacteria was __.

A

DNA

117
Q

they identified that
the transforming principle of Diplococcus bacteria was
DNA.

A

1944 Avery, MacLeod and McCarty

118
Q

Resistant diplococci is called ___

A

virulent

119
Q

Susceptible diplococci are called ___

A

avirulent

120
Q

demonstrated that in DNA, the
number of adenine molecules is equal to thymine and the number of cytosine is equal to guanine

A

1950 Erwin Chargaff

121
Q

The Chargaff’s rule

1940 - _________

A

produced the first parity rule
%A=%T;%G=%C

all are 20%

122
Q

The Chargaff’s rule

1968- ________

A

discovered the 2nd parity rule

123
Q

Percentage base pair equality

A

The Chargaff’s rule

first parity rule

124
Q

they proposed the double helical model
of DNA based on the studies of Maurice Wilkins and
Rosalind Franklin

A

James Dewey Watson and Francis Harry
Compton Crick

125
Q

was able to obtain the 1st
pictographic image of DNA, an
x-ray crystallography

A

Rosalind Franklin

126
Q

Rosalind Franklin was able to obtain the 1st
pictographic image of DNA called ______ an
x-ray crystallography

A

photo 51,

127
Q

they confirmed Watson and
Crick’s semiconservative model of DNA replication

A

1957 Meselson and Stahl

128
Q
  • from a parent DNA
    yield daughter DNA, exact copy of genes from
    the parent
A

Semiconservative mode

129
Q

he/she isolated DNA Polymerase 1 from
E.coli and got Nobel Prize in 1959

A

1958 Kornberg

130
Q

catalyzes formation of new
DNA

A

DNA Polymerase

131
Q

he proposed the “central dogma” of
molecular biology

A

Francis Crick

132
Q

they cracked the genetic
code present on mRNA

A

1961 Nirenberg and Mattaei

133
Q

1961 Nirenberg and Mattaei- cracked the genetic
code present on mRNA. Only _____genetic codes out of 64 are being used.

A

60

134
Q

in the 60 genetic code out of 64 code, what’s the other are for?

A

The 4 are the start codons ; the 3
stop codons

135
Q

1961 Jacob and Monod- out forward the “_______concept for regulation of gene expression” and
received nobel prize in 1965

A

Operon

136
Q
A
137
Q
A
137
Q

who proposed wobble hypothesis

A

1965F.H.C.Crick

138
Q

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
was awarded jointly to ___, who predicted
the existence of restriction enzymes,

A

Werner Arber

138
Q

who discovered the first Type II
restriction enzyme,

A

Hamilton Smith

138
Q

year of Cloning of Dolly The sheep

A

1996

139
Q

who demonstrated how to use the
restriction enzymes to analyze viral DNA.

A

Daniel Nathans,

139
Q

First bacteria that is sequence was

A

Haemophilus

140
Q

First organism that is completely sequence was

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (mold)

140
Q

the man behind PCR

A

Kary Mullis

140
Q

First pathogenic organism sequence was

A

Epstein-Barr virus

140
Q

Theodor Schwann- studied

A

animal cell

141
Q

Matthias Schleiden- studied

A

plant cels

141
Q

head of human genome project

A

Francis Collins

142
Q
A
142
Q
A
143
Q
A
143
Q
A
144
Q
A
144
Q
A

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