LEC1 - INTRODUCTION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
composed of two sister chromatids
A
chromosomes
2
Q
connects two sister chromatids together, located centrally
A
centromere
3
Q
DNA’s always product is
A
protein (macromolecules)
DNA –> RNA (translation) –> protein
4
Q
it follows particular sequence, from replication of DNA, transcription of it to form RNA, and translation to form protein is called
A
protein
5
Q
how many genetic code we have
A
64
6
Q
Specialized science of molecular biology has what branches of science
A
Genetics + Biochemistry + Cell
Biology
7
Q
Applications of molecular biology
A
Diagnosis
Research
Forensic analysis
Gene therapy
Paternity testing etc
8
Q
examples of diseases that are diagnosed using molecular technology
A
Microbiological identifications of pathogens, Chromosomal imprinting (Angelman syndrome, Cystic fibrosis, Hemophilia, Hemochromatosis
9
Q
one of the important use of research associated to molecular bio that is about the recombinant DNA technology
A
creation of human insulin
10
Q
a process wherein an allele is deleted or changed from the chromosome to create or form something is called as
A
recombinant DNA
11
Q
application of molecular biology
personalized medicine, diverse
form of treatment
A
gene therapy
12
Q
providing treatment depending or based on the presence or absence of a particular gene
A
gene therapy
13
Q
application of molbio that is about DNA testing
A
paternity testing
14
Q
basis of biological activity in and between
cells, including molecular synthesis, modification,
mechanisms and interactions
A
molecular biology
15
Q
In molecular Biology, Field of research that started due to the construction of
the DNA model.
A
○ DNA research
○ Genetic engineering
○ Gene sequencing
16
Q
Development of mol bio
A
○ Forensics
○ Genetic fingerprinting
○ Human genome mapping
17
Q
is the study
of the biochemical mechanisms of inheritance.
A
Molecular genetics, or molecular biology,
18
Q
It is the study of the biochemical nature of the genetic
material and its control of phenotype.
A
Molecular genetics, or molecular biology,
19
Q
make up of genes or SEQUENCE OF GENE translated into protein then which will be seen in our naked
eye
A
Genotype
20
Q
It is the study of the connection between genotype and phenotype
A
molecular biology,
21
Q
year when institutionalization of molecular biology, discovery of nucleic acid
A
1950s
22
Q
In 1938, coined the term molecular biology by
____
A
Warren Weaver
23
Q
on what year does DNA is discovered; the 2nd most important discovery in our history
A
1953
24
Q
the most important discovery in the history of biology
A
charles’ darwin theory of evolution
25
-is a type of pentose sugar
Deoxyribose nucleic acid
26
what type of carbohydrate is DNA composed of?
ribose (pentose sugar )
27
how many carbon atoms does DNA has?
5 - pentose sugar ribose
28
In glycolysis, the how many percent will undergo the pentose
phosphate pathway
10%
29
phosphate group is attached to which position of carbon atoms of a monosaccharide-ribose?
5th carbon atom
30
31
nitrogenous base is attached to which position of carbon atoms of a monosaccharide-ribose?
1st carbon atom
32
is important in the charge of the DNA
which has a negative charge.
phosphate group
33
DNA is negatively charged
because of the availability of __
phosphate groups
34
Nitrogenous bases are ____&____ and ___&_____
adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine which are complementarity paired.
35
they first described the
molecular structure of DNA, which they called a "double helix”
Francis Crick and James Watson
36
Is a technique commonly used in laboratories to separate charged molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins according to their size.
ELECTROPHORESIS
37
unit of DNA based on their size
Base pair
38
collections of DNA that are collected in
one separate unit. Lines that are running parallel to the sample well
DNA bands
39
area where the samples are put
sample wells
40
we separate DNA through the use of matrix, give an example of matrix
Polyacrylamide/ Agarose gel
41
The fluid responsible for the
electricality of the media - route of electricity
Aqueous buffer solution
42
principle of electrophoresis
Migration of particles from the area of
negative charge to positive charge that leads to separation of bonds.
43
how do dna fragments move or migrate in the process pf electrophoresis?
they migrate through the pores
44
the process of migration of dna fragments through the pores is called as
sieving
45
describe the relationship of the base pair or size of the dna fragment to its migration
inversely proportional,
the larger the dna fragments the slower and nearer migration (big size, slow pace)
smaller dna fragments can migrate much farther and faster (small size, fast pace)
46
1st lane in electrophoresis is called as
marker/DNA ladder/ molecular ruler
47
this lane in electrophoresis will give the actual size of base pairs
serves as the reference of the DNA migration
1st lane
48
Used to visualize DNA:
Fluorescent dye
UV transilluminator
Tracking dye
49
most commonly used Fluorescent dye
Ethidium bromide
50
Disadvantage of Ethidium bromide (Fluorescent dye)
cancerous
51
special instrument to EXCITE ethidium bromide to visibly emit fluorescence
ultra-violet (UV) transilluminator
52
used to make DNA heavier so that it
will be more combined to the matrix
it will as well track the progress of DNA migration as it moves along the electrophoresis
Tracking dye
53
example of Tracking dye
bromophenol/ bromphenol blue
54
______ is added that glows in UV light
DNA-binding dye
55
A technique used to specifically identify BIOMOLECULES following electrophoresis
BLOTTING/ DNA HYBRIDIZATION
56
aside from nucleic acid, we can use proteins in this technique
BLOTTING/ DNA HYBRIDIZATION
57
In BLOTTING/ DNA HYBRIDIZATION, if we are blotting DNA, we call it as
southern blot
58
In BLOTTING/ DNA HYBRIDIZATION, if we are blotting RNA, we call it as
Northern blot
59
In BLOTTING/ DNA HYBRIDIZATION, if we are blotting proteins, we call it as
Western blot
60
In western blot, we are blotting proteins, which specifically protein is it?
antibodies/immunoglobulins
61
In order to blot a particular biomolecule, we are needing a reagent. What kind of reagent?
Complementary probe or Complementary
labeled probe
62
short sequence of nucleic acid that is able to
identify DNA, RNA, or proteins
Probe
63
Scenario: blotting
Just in case you want to locate a particular nucleic sequence (Mpox)
You will use nitrocellulose filter that has an attached sequence of AAATTGGGC
what is the complementary DNA sequence you can detect?
TTTAACCCG
64
RESTRICTION DIGEST is also called as
RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE
65
If BLOTTING/ DNA HYBRIDIZATION requires complementary labeled probe to blot, RESTRICTION DIGEST/ ENDONUCLEASE will requires what?
restriction endonuclease enzyme
66
restriction endonuclease enzyme sources are?
bacteria
67
why do restriction endonuclease enzyme is named after bacteria?
it's their origin
68
E.cor IV restriction endonuclease enzyme is from
Escherichia coli
69
restriction endonuclease is called in layman's term as
molecular scissors
70
a type of DNA found on organism
plasmid
71
-type of DNA extracted in human
Genomic DNA
72
used to make a cut on a particular segment of DNA
restriction endonuclease enzyme
73
The process of joining two pieces of DNA together
LIGATION
74
____ is useful when introducing a new piece of
DNA into another genome.
Ligation
75
molecular ruler - 1st lane in electrophoresis
molecular scissor - restriction endonuclease enzyme
what is the molecular glue?
ligation enzyme - ligase
76
A process used to amplify very small amounts of DNA to amounts which can be used in further experiments
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)
77
Is the most important technique in the world of molecular biology
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)
78
a technique in mol bio that ensure that we will have an appropriate amount
sample
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)
79
To amplify nucleic acid
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)
80
is PCR a screening method?
nope, it's a Confirmatory method
example, covid, RT-PCR is the confirmatory technique or method
81
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) will use an automatic machine that is capable of changing the setting of temperature needed on the reaction, what is it called?
Thermal cycler or Thermocycler
82
3 steps of PCR
1. Denaturation
2. Annealing
3. Extension
83
GENOME-BASED TESTING
APPLICATIONS
Diagnostic
Prognostic
Predictive
Therapeutic
84
Genome-based testing
Identity of a disease
Diagnostic
85
Genome-based testing
Determine the outcome of a disease
prognostic
86
GENOME-BASED TESTIN
Determine the possibility of a disease
Predictive
87
GENOME-BASED TESTING
Determine the response to a treatment
Therapeutic
88
A Decade of Discoveries, or the stage of institutionalitation
1950s
89
Setting the Stage for a Revolution
The 1960s
90
Modern Biotechnology is Born
The 1970s
91
A New Research Paradigm and the
Commercialization of Biotechnology
1980s
92
A Period of Consolidation and Expansion
The 1990s
93
New Challenges, New
Technologies
21stCentury and Beyond
94
findings on
inheritance: Laws of Inheritance
Gregor Mendel (1856– 1863)
95
Each parent contributes a
particle or genetic unit to the offspring
Law of Inheritance
96
Rediscovery, 1900
modifies law of inheritance -
○ Nature of chromosome
○ Concept of gamete contains only one allele (ex. Number of chromosomes)
who are the significant person that modifies mendel's law of inheritance
HugoDeVries, Carl Correns, Erich von Tschermak
97
HugoDeVries, Carl Correns, Erich von Tschermak
what is the model organism used to modify the law of inheritance
Fruit fly - drosophila melanogaster
98
why do Drosophila melanogaster is the ideal model organism for Confirming the Chromosomal Theory of
Inheritance
Bred cheaply and reproduces quickly
99
1913, he created the first genetic
map
Alfred Sturtevant
100
alfred sturtevant together with _______ they were able to devise the recombination of drosophila melanogaster which involves exchanges between multiple chromosomes in between different regions of same chromosome
Thomas Hunt Morgan
101
Chromosomal crossover in Drosophila
melanogaster (1931)
Curt Stern
102
year of Recombination in mitosis producing
mosaics pattern
1936
103
they are first to produce the genetic map of maize
Barbara McClintock and Harriet Creighton
104
she was able to discover mobile
genetic element (transposons/ jumping genes)
Barbara McClintock
105
transposons is also called as
jumping genes
106
he isolated “nuclein”, DNA
with associated proteins from the cell nuclei.
Friedrich Miescher
107
First person who made the isolation of nucleic acid through the bandage of wounded soldier
Friedrich Miescher
108
Phoebus Levene discovered the following
○ 1909:D-Ribose recognition
○ 1910:Tetranucleotide Hypothesis
○ 1929:Deoxyribose discovery
109
discovered transformation in
Diplococcus pneumoniae.
Frederick Griffith
110
is the uptake
or acquisition of free or naked DNA from the
surrounding DNA.
Transformation
111
a certain bacteria died which has the genes responsible for being resistant to a certain antibiotic and the living bacteria gets the gene from dead bacteria
transformation of transduction?
transformation
112
demonstrated that
bacteriophages are composed of DNA and proteins.
M.Schlesinger
113
acquisition of genetic DNA via the use of
bacteriophage.
Transduction
114
published the results of
biochemica; genetics of Neurospora and established the “One gene one enzyme” hypothesis.
Beadle and Tatum
115
is a
single unit of DNA.
gene
116
the transforming principle of Diplococcus bacteria was __.
DNA
117
they identified that
the transforming principle of Diplococcus bacteria was
DNA.
1944 Avery, MacLeod and McCarty
118
Resistant diplococci is called ___
virulent
119
Susceptible diplococci are called ___
avirulent
120
demonstrated that in DNA, the
number of adenine molecules is equal to thymine and the number of cytosine is equal to guanine
1950 Erwin Chargaff
121
The Chargaff’s rule
1940 - _________
produced the first parity rule
%A=%T;%G=%C
all are 20%
122
The Chargaff’s rule
1968- ________
discovered the 2nd parity rule
123
Percentage base pair equality
The Chargaff’s rule
first parity rule
124
they proposed the double helical model
of DNA based on the studies of Maurice Wilkins and
Rosalind Franklin
James Dewey Watson and Francis Harry
Compton Crick
125
was able to obtain the 1st
pictographic image of DNA, an
x-ray crystallography
Rosalind Franklin
126
Rosalind Franklin was able to obtain the 1st
pictographic image of DNA called ______ an
x-ray crystallography
photo 51,
127
they confirmed Watson and
Crick’s semiconservative model of DNA replication
1957 Meselson and Stahl
128
- from a parent DNA
yield daughter DNA, exact copy of genes from
the parent
Semiconservative mode
129
he/she isolated DNA Polymerase 1 from
E.coli and got Nobel Prize in 1959
1958 Kornberg
130
catalyzes formation of new
DNA
DNA Polymerase
131
he proposed the “central dogma” of
molecular biology
Francis Crick
132
they cracked the genetic
code present on mRNA
1961 Nirenberg and Mattaei
133
1961 Nirenberg and Mattaei- cracked the genetic
code present on mRNA. Only _____genetic codes out of 64 are being used.
60
134
in the 60 genetic code out of 64 code, what's the other are for?
The 4 are the start codons ; the 3
stop codons
135
1961 Jacob and Monod- out forward the “_______concept for regulation of gene expression” and
received nobel prize in 1965
Operon
136
137
137
who proposed wobble hypothesis
1965F.H.C.Crick
138
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
was awarded jointly to ___, who predicted
the existence of restriction enzymes,
Werner Arber
138
who discovered the first Type II
restriction enzyme,
Hamilton Smith
138
year of Cloning of Dolly The sheep
1996
139
who demonstrated how to use the
restriction enzymes to analyze viral DNA.
Daniel Nathans,
139
First bacteria that is sequence was
Haemophilus
140
First organism that is completely sequence was
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (mold)
140
the man behind PCR
Kary Mullis
140
First pathogenic organism sequence was
Epstein-Barr virus
140
Theodor Schwann- studied
animal cell
141
Matthias Schleiden- studied
plant cels
141
head of human genome project
Francis Collins
142
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143
144
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