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Path 2 > Lec Midterm > Flashcards

Lec Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

In polyarteriitis nods virtually all the organs and tissues of the body may be involved in the pathological process except?

A

Vessels of the lungs and arch of the aorta

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2
Q

Which of the following is the most common cause of acute pyelonephritis?

A

E. Coli

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3
Q

Which of the following signs of nephrotic syndrome dev first?

A

Proteinuria

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4
Q

Which of the following is the characteristic sign of nephritic syndrome?

A

Hypertension, RBC casts, azotemia

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5
Q

Which of the following is the most common route by which infection can reach the kidney in acute pyelonephritis?

A

Ascending

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6
Q

Circulating immune complex GMN is typical example of which of the following type of types of hypersensitivity rxns?

A

Type 3

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7
Q

Which of the following organs are always involved in Goodpasture’s syndrome?

A

Lungs and Kidneys

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8
Q

In Henoch-Schonlein purport the kidney involvement is manifested by development of which of the following Syndromes

A

Rapidly progressive GMN

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9
Q

Wegner’s granulomatosis is associated with which of the following types of rapidly progressive (crescentic) GMN?

A

Type 3

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10
Q

Which of the following is most common cause of acute proliferative GMN

A

Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus Group A

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11
Q

Which of the following is the common complication of subacute bacterial endocarditis?

A

Stroke

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12
Q

Which of the following is a correct order of frequency of the valvular involvement in rheumatic fever?

A

Mitral, aortic, tricuspid, pulmonary artery

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13
Q

Aortic stenosis results in hypertrophy of which of the following parts of the heart?

A

Left Ventricle

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14
Q

Which of the following is the common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis?

A

Alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus, aka Strept Viridans aka Strep Mitis

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15
Q

Which of the following heart structures is involved most often in bacterial endocarditis?

A

Aortic valve

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16
Q

Prizmetal’s angina is characterized by development of acute chest pain due to which of the following pathologies?

A

Coronary artery spasm

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17
Q

Which of the following patterns of pain is the most typical for angina pectoris?

A

Diffuse retrosternal chest pain

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18
Q

Which of the following is the correct name of a rheumatic fever manifestation characterized by jerky involuntary movements of facial and extremity muscles?

A

Syndenham’s chorea

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19
Q

Which of the following pathologies of the heart valves is the most common cause of left atrium enlargement?

A

Mitral stenosis

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20
Q

Which of the following pathologies of the heart valves leads to dev of very low (sometimes zero) diastolic pressure?

A

Aortic insufficiency

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21
Q

80% of peptic ulcers dev in the stomach and only 20% in the duodenum

A

False (20% peptic, 80% duodenum)

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22
Q

Accumulation of gas in the right upper abdominal area could be a sign of which pathologies?

A

Perforation of peptic ulcer

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23
Q

Stomach peptic ulcer develops predominately in which of the following parts of the stomach?

A

Lesser curvature

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24
Q

Unlike ulcer, stomach erosions are characterized by superficial damage of the stomach wall and a tendency to be multiple

A

True

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25
Q

Which of the following is not a complication of duodenal peptic ulcer?

A

Transformation into cancer

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26
Q

Heliobacter pylori is hound in all patients with duodenal peptic ulcer and in only 70% of ones with stomach peptic ulcer?

A

True

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27
Q

Wegner’s granulomatosis is associated with which of the following types of rapidly progressive (Crescentic) GMN?

A

III

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28
Q

In Henoch-Shconlein purport the kidney involvement in manifested by development of which of the following syndromes?

A

Nephritic

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29
Q

Which of the following is the characteristic sign of the nephritic syndrome?

A

Hypertension

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30
Q

Which of the following signs of the nephrotic syndrome develops first?

A

Proteinuria

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31
Q

Which of the following is the characteristic sign of the nephritic syndrome?

A

Hypertension

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32
Q

Unlike ulcer, stomach erosions are characterized by superficial damage of the stomach wall and a tendency to be multiple

A

True

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33
Q

Which of the following HLA-antigens is found in majority of rheumatoid arthritis patients?

A

DR4 and DR1

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34
Q

Which of the following is not a complication of duodenal peptic ulcer?

A

Transformation into cancer

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35
Q

Which of the following patterns of pain is the most typical for angina pectoris?

A

Diffuse retrosternal chest pain

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36
Q

Aortic stenosis results in hypertrophy of which of the following parts of the heart?

A

Left ventricle

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37
Q

Which of the following pathologies of the heart valves leads to development of very low diastolic pressure?

A

Aortic insuffiency

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38
Q

The juxtaglomerular cells produce ____ in response to low BP

A

Renin

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39
Q

Heyman GMN, which attacks the podocytes, is what type of hypersensitivity rxn?

A

None of the Above

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40
Q

Which of the following is incorrect regarding Type 2 Rapidly Progressive Crescentic GMN?

A

Occurs in young men (more often in Boys)

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41
Q

Good pasture’s Syndrome is characterized by the dev of antibodies against the basement membrane of?

A

The alveoli & glomerulus

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42
Q

Acute Proliferative (post strep infectious) GMN is caused by Beta hemolytic streptococcus group A and occurs predominantly in children.

A

True (3-10 YOA)

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43
Q

Necrotic granulomas of the upper and lower respiratory tract is characteristic of which Type 3 Rapidly Progressive GMN

A

Wegener’s Granulomatosis

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44
Q

The most common cause of GMN in the world is?

A

IgA Nephropathy and Berger’s Disease

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45
Q

This hereditary GMN is seen with other symptoms such as lens dislocation, cataracts, corneal atrophy and hearing problems

A

Alport Syndrome

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46
Q

Nephritic syndrome is characterized by which of the following?

A

Azotemia

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47
Q

Which is NOT seen with DM?

A

Hence-Schonlein Purpura

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48
Q

Hematuria, oliguria, nitrogen in blood, and hypertension characterize which disease?

A

Nephritic syndrome

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49
Q

Which is not a sign/symptom of acute pyelonephritis?

A

Low grade fever

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50
Q

T or F: Acute cystitis is common in males

A

F

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51
Q

In which organ to peptic ulcers develop most often?

A

Duodenum

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52
Q

Helicobacter pylori is present in ____% of duodenal peptic ulcer cases

A

100%

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53
Q

Rank the following sites for peptic ulcers from least to most common in occurrence?

A

Esophagus, stomach, duodenum

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54
Q

Which of the following defensive mechanism against peptic ulcers is mostly adversely effected by smoking and stress?

A

Mucosal blood flow

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55
Q

Which is the most common complication of peptic ulcers?

A

Hemorrhage

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56
Q

Which type of peptic ulcer is most likely to transform into cancer?

A

Stomach

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57
Q

Gastric pain that occurs b/t 30-60 minutes

A

Stomach peptic ulcer

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58
Q

Dysphagia, regurgitation, and the predisposition to esophageal adenocarcinoma are signs and symptoms of ?

A

Achalasia

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59
Q

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

A

Hyper secretion of gastrin

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60
Q

Mallory Weiss syndrome is associated with a tear in the ?

A

Esophagus

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61
Q

Which type of hernia results in the dev of venous infarction and wet gangrene?

A

Hiatal paraesophageal hernia

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62
Q

The replacement of normal distal stratified mucous squamous epithelia by metaplastic columnar epithelia that have goblet cells occurs in which of the following?

A

Barret esophagus

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63
Q

achalasia is associated with neurological problem originating from?

A

Vagus n and ganglion & the myenteric plexus

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64
Q

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

Is the result of a congenital pathology

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65
Q

List the incidence of valvular involvement in Rheumatic fever from most to least common?

A

Mitral, aortic, tricuspid, pulmonary

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66
Q

Which is NOT seen with aortic valve stenosis?

A

Demussette’s sign (syphilis)

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67
Q

Bacterial endocarditis most common effect which valve?

68
Q

Aschoff’s nodes are found in which of the following layers of the heart?

A

Myocardium

69
Q

Which of the following is NOT associated with Rheumatic Fever

A

Chorea, Tonsilitis, Arthritis are all associated with RF

70
Q

Which is a manifestation of bacterial endocarditis?

A

Clubbing of the fingernails, retinal hemorrhages, and petechial rash of hands and mouth

71
Q

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis is caused by which of the following?

A

Strep Viridans aka Strep Mitis

72
Q

Which bacterial endocarditis is more dangerous?

A

Acute Bacterial endocarditis

73
Q

Which of the following never results in lumen narrowing?

A

Monckeberg’s Medial Calcific Sclerosis

74
Q

Which of the following causes malignant hypertension?

A

Hyperplastic ateriosclerosis

75
Q

Which typically effects the femoral, tibial, ulnar, and radial arteries?

A

Monckeberg’s Medial Calcific Sclerosis

76
Q

Which of the following is common in ppl w/ DM?

A

Atherosclerosis

77
Q

Which of the following causes necrotizing arteriolitis of the kidneys?

A

Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis

78
Q

What percentage of vessel obstruction is needed for clinical manifestation?

79
Q

Which of the following are controllable risk factors of ischemic heart disease?

A

Smoking, Hypercholesterolemia, hypertension

80
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease?

A

Increased conc of vasodilators released from symp activity

81
Q

In what percentage of ischemic heart disease cases is sudden cardiac death the first manifestation?

82
Q

In which of the following type of angina pectoris would the patient experience pain after exertion , after consuming a large meal or after smoking?

A

Typical/Stable angina

83
Q

Coronary artery vasospasm (Prinzmetal’s variant) is an increase in the conc of vasoconstrictors (thromboxane) released with sympathetic activity and can cause death

84
Q

Severe squeezing, diffuse retrosternal pain is associated with which of the following?

A

Angina pectoris

85
Q

The most common causes of left sided heart failure include?

A

Mitral or aortic valve disease

86
Q

The first problem resulting from right sided heart failure is?

A

Hepatomegaly

87
Q

Symptoms of congestive heart failure include all except?

A

Bradycardia

88
Q

Which substance is NOT secreted by Kidneys?

A

Leukotriens

89
Q

In nephrotic syndrome there is a selective significant inc of glomerular permeability for which of the following?

90
Q

Which disease is characterized by formation of cavities in the lungs?

A

Wegner’s Granulomatosis

91
Q

Which protein-to-protein ratio is typical for nephrotic syndrome?

A

Albumin to globulin ratio is less than 1

92
Q

During regular annual exam of a symptom free pt the high blood level of BUN was found. Which term describes this abnormality the best?

93
Q

Which pathogenetic mechanism of GMN is associated with immune complex formation outside the kidneys?

A

Circulating immune complex deposition

94
Q

Anti-GBM pathogenetic mechanism of GMN corresponds to which subtype of antibody-dependent type of hypersensitivity rxn?

A

Antibody-mediated cellular dysfxn

95
Q

Which of the following diseases is NOT associated with Nephrotic Syndrome?

A

Buerger’s Disease

96
Q

Which acute GMN associated with nephritic syndrome most often turns into chronic GMN?

A

Crescentic GMN

97
Q

Necrotizing papillitis in the kidney develops more often in which of the following disorders?

98
Q

Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease is characterized morphologically by which of the following?

A

Ball-like deposits with the mesangium

99
Q

Which of the following is the most common GMN disease?

A

Berger’s Disease

100
Q

In crescentic GMN the crescents in the glomeruli are formed by which of the following?

A

Hyperplasia of parietal epithelial cells

101
Q

Pathogenesis of kidney involvement in Goodpasture’s syndrome corresponds to which type of hypersensitivity rxns?

A

Antibody-Dependent (Type 2)

102
Q

Which of the following is the most common disorders eventually resulting in ischemic heart disease?

A

Atherosclerosis

103
Q

Which organ is NOT typical reservoir of the chronic infection in the body?

104
Q

Which kind of angina pectoris is also known as preinfaction angina?

105
Q

Long-term hypertension eventually leads to congestive heart failure. In this case which of the following signs and consequences of this transformation comes to the clinical attention first?

A

Pitting edema

106
Q

Posterior deviation of esophagus on the x-ray film testifies to?

A

Enlargement of left atrium

107
Q

What is NOT a part of atheroma?

A

Siderophages

108
Q

Migratory arthritis is a typical manifestation of?

A

Rheumatic fever

109
Q

What is the best term describing the compensatory run of the left atrial myocardium in mitral stenosis?

A

Eccentric hypertrophy

110
Q

Ortopnea means the dev of dyspnea in congestive heart failure in which change of a pt’s position?

A

Change from standing to lying position

111
Q

Prinzmetal’s angina means the obstruction of coronary artery b/c of?

112
Q

Onion-skinning is typically accompanied by which pathology?

A

Necrotizing arteriolitis

113
Q

Pathogenesis of which disease is known as the molecular mimicry?

A

Rheumatic fever

114
Q

Pulmonary artery stenosis develops in which disease?

A

Pulmonary artery is not involved in atherosclerosis, rheumatic fever, acute bacterial endocarditis, MMCS

115
Q

Which if the following is associated with right-sided heart failure?

A

Plural effusion

116
Q

Cor Pulmonale is NOT associated with?

A

Exudate accumulation in the pericardial cavity

117
Q

Left ventricular failure is usually caused by the following disease except?

A

Bronchiectatis

118
Q

Which pathology may often be complicated by venous infarction?

A

Paraesophegeal hernia

119
Q

Smoking compromises which component of the stomach mucous barrier?

A

Mucosal blood flow

120
Q

Boerhaave syndrome is characterized by which of the following?

A

Esophageal rupture

121
Q

Helicobacter pylori is found in _____ its with duodenal peptic ulcers and in _____ of ones with stomach peptic ulcers.

A

100% & 70%

122
Q

Which disease develops most commonly in alcoholics?

A

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

123
Q

What is NOT correct for gastrinomas?

A

Do not metastasize

124
Q

Which disease is considered the major cause of esophageal varies?

A

Liver cirrhosis

125
Q

Aspirin leads to gastrointestinal side-effects by superior o which component of the mucous barrier?

A

Elaboration of prostaglandins

126
Q

Traction diverticulum results from?

A

Mediastinal lymphadenitis

127
Q

Which disorder is known to develop multiple peptic ulcers?

A

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

128
Q

Chugs disease is associated with dev of which pathology?

129
Q

Metaplasia in Barret esophagus is characterized by replacement of _____ epithelial cells to ____ epithelial cells

A

Squamous to Columnar

130
Q

Onion-skinning is typically accompanied by which pathology?

A

Necrotizing arteriolitis

131
Q

Left ventricular failure is usually caused by the following diseases except?

A

Lung emphysema

132
Q

What is the best term describing the compensatory reaction of the left ventricle myocardium in aortic insufficiency?

A

Eccentric hypertrophy

133
Q

Ortopnea means the development of dyspnea in congestive heart failure in which change of a pt’s position?

A

Change from standing to lying position

134
Q

Cor pulmonale is NOT associated w/

A

Ascites, hepatomegaly, pedal edema, nutmeg liver are all associated with Cor pumonale

135
Q

Which of the following is associated with right-sided cardiac failure?

A

pleural effusion

136
Q

Pathogenesis of which disease is known as the molecular mimicry?

A

Rheumatic fever

137
Q

Which disease could result in ischemic-hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Subacute BE

138
Q

Long term hypertension eventually leads to congestive heart failure. In this case which of the following signs and consequences of this transformation comes to the clinical attention first?

A

Hepatomegaly

139
Q

Migratory arthritis is a typical manifestation of which disease?

A

Rheumatic fever

140
Q

Prinzmetal’s angina means the obstruction of coronary artery b/c of?

141
Q

Which is typical for the nephrotic syndrome?

A

Albumin to globulin ratio is less than 1

142
Q

In nephritic syndrome there is a selective increase of glomerular permeability for which of the following

143
Q

Which of the following is the most common glomerular disease?

A

IgA nephropathy

144
Q

In nephritic syndrome, which substance eventually resulting in hypertension is secreted primarily

145
Q

In crescentic GMN the crescents in the glomeruli are formed by which of the following?

A

Proliferation of parietal epithelial cells

146
Q

During regular annual exam of a symptom free pt the high blood level of creatinine was found Which term describes this abnormality the best?

147
Q

Which disease is characterized by formation of cavities in the lungs?

A

Wegener’s granulomatosis

148
Q

In Heymann’s nephritis, in which later of the glomerular article wall will the immune complexes be formed or deposited?

A

Space b/t podocytes and glomerular basement membrane

149
Q

A characteristic sign of nephritic syndrome is?

150
Q

Which acute GMN associated w/ nephritic syndrome most often turns into chronic GMN?

A

Crescentic GMN

151
Q

Pathogenesis of kidney involvement in polyarteritis nodosa corresponds to which type of hypersensitivity rxn?

152
Q

Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease is characterized morphologically by which of the following?

A

Ball like deposits within mesangium

153
Q

Which organ is NOT involved in polyarteritis nodosa?

154
Q

Which of the following diseases more often predisposes to development of pyelonephritis?

A

Acute cystitis

155
Q

What is NOT typical for a stomach ulcer?

A

Tendency to be multiple

156
Q

Which pathology may often be complicated by venous infarction?

A

Zener diverticulum

157
Q

Which disease dev most commonly in alcoholics?

A

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

158
Q

What is NOT a complication of duodenal peptic ulcer:

A

Malignancy

159
Q

Smoking compromises which component of the stomach mucous barrier

A

Mucosal blood flow

160
Q

Aspirin leads to GI side-effects by suppression of which component of the mucous barrier?

A

Elaboration of prostaglandins

161
Q

Which diseases is considered the major cause of esophageal varies?

A

Liver cirrhosis

162
Q

Which disorder is known to develop multiple peptic ulcers?

A

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

163
Q

Chagas disease is associated with development of which pathology?

164
Q

The location of which esophageal diverticulum is near the midpoint of the esophagus?

A

Traction diverticulum

165
Q

Boerhaave syndrome is characterized by whcih of the following?

A

Esophageal rupture

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