LEC INFLAMMATION, TISSUE HEALING AND REPAIR

Question 1

composed of a series of physiologic and morphological changes in the blood vessels, blood components and surrounding connective tissue for the purpose of protecting the body against injury

Answer 1

INFLAMMATION

Question 2

CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION

Answer 2

Calor- heat
Rubor- redness
Tumor- swelling
Dolor- pain
Functio Laesa- loss of function

Question 3

Sequence of events in an inflammatory reaction

Answer 3

Offending agent is recognized by host cells
Leukocytes and Plasma proteins are recruited from the circulation to the site where the offending agent is located
Leukocytes and Protein are activated to eliminate offending substance
Reaction is controlled and terminated
Damaged tissues is repaired

Question 4

2 types of inflammation

Answer 4

Acute- Fast mins or hrs, mainly neutrophils, self limiting and mild, prominent
Chronic- Slow days, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes, severe and progressive, less prominent

Question 5

2 Major Components of Inflammation

Answer 5

Vascular Changes- dilation of small vessels leading to an increase in blood flow

Cellular Events- emigration of leukocytes from the microcirculation, accumulation in the injury and activation to eliminate offending agent

Question 6

Stimuli for Acute Inflammation

Answer 6

Infections
Tissue Necrosis
Foreign Bodies
Immune Reactions

Question 7

Hallmarks of Morphologic Patterns of Acute Inflammation

Answer 7

Dilation of small blood vessels
Accumulation of leukocytes and fluid in the extravascular tissue

Question 8

Type of inflammation in which is marked by exudation of protein-poor fluid into spaces created by cell injury

Answer 8

Serous Inflammation

Question 9

Samples of Serous Inflammation

Answer 9

Skin Blisters due to burns

Question 10

Type of inflammation that has large molecules pass out of the blood and fibrin is formed and deposited in the extracellular space

Answer 10

Fibrinous Inflammation

Question 11

This inflammation is caused by infection with bacteria that cause liquefactive tissue necrosis

Answer 11

Purulent/Suppurative Inflammation

Question 12

Sample of Purulent/Suppurative Inflammation

Answer 12

Acute Appendicitis

Question 13

A local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue

Answer 13

Ulcers

Question 14

A mediator which causes vasodilation, increase vascular permeabiliy and endothelial activation

Answer 14

Histamine

Question 15

This mediator acts by vasodilation, pain, fever

Answer 15

Prostaglandins

Question 16

This mediator acts by increasing vascular permeability, chemotaxis, leukocyte adhesion and activation

Answer 16

Leukotrienes

Question 17

This mediator acts by activation of adhesion molecules in systemic fever, metabolic abnormalities and hypotension

Answer 17

Cytokines

Question 18

This mediator action is chemotaxis and leukocyte activation

Answer 18

Chemokines

Question 19

This mediator acts as a vasodilator, degranulation, increased vascular permeability, leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis and oxidative burst

Answer 19

Platelet Activating Factor

Question 20

This mediator acts by activating leukocyte and its chemotaxis, vasodilation

Answer 20

Complement

Question 21

This mediator acts by increasing vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction activation, vasodilation, pain

Answer 21

Kinins

Question 22

Properties of cell mediators

Answer 22

Cell-derived- sequestered in IC granules and can be rapidly secreted by granule exocytosis
Plasma-derived- produced mainly in the liver and present in the circulation as inactive precursor

Question 23

2 Vasoactive amines

Answer 23

Histamine
Serotonin

Question 24

2 Arachidonic Acid metabolites

Answer 24

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes

Question 25

This is the response of prolonged duration in which inflammation, tissue injury and attempts at repair coexists

Answer 25

Chronic Inflammation

Question 26

Causes of Chronic Inflammation

Answer 26

Persistent infections
Hypersensitivity diseases
Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents

Question 27

A form of Chronic Inflammation that is characterized by collections of activated macrophages and sometimes associated with central necrosis

Answer 27

Granulomatous inflammation

Question 28

2 types of Granulomatous Inflammation

Answer 28

Foreign Body Granuloma- driven by inert foreign bodies in the absence of T cell-mediated immune response
Immune Granuloma- by persistent microbe or self antigen

Question 29

Samples of diseases under Granulomatous Inflammation

Answer 29

Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Syphilis, Cat-scratch disease, Sacoidosis, Crohn Disease

Question 30

Major causes of granulomatous inflammation

Answer 30

Bacterial: Tuberculosis, Syphilis, Cat-Scratch
Fungal: Histoplasmosis, Cryptococcus, Coccidioidomycosis, Blastomycosis
Helminthic: Schistosomiasis
Protozoal: Leishmaniasis, Toxoplasmosis
Chlamydia: Lymphogranuloma venerum

Question 31

Systemic Effects of Inflammation

Answer 31

Fever
Acute Phase proteins
Leukocytosis
Increase pulse and BP, decrease sweating

Question 32

It refers to the repair of tissue architecture and its function

Answer 32

Tissue Repair/Healing

Question 33

2 Types of reaction under tissue repair

Answer 33

Regeneration
Scar formation

Question 34

Factors influencing tissue repair

Answer 34

Infection
DM
Nutritional Status
Glucocorticoids
Mechanical Factors
Poor perfusion
Foreign bodies
Type and extent of tissue injury
Location of injury

Question 35

What are the episodes in first intention of Skin wound healing

Answer 35

Clot forms within 24 hours
Fast healing
By 3-5 days macrophages come in
Week after granulation tissue is gone

Question 36

What are the episodes in second intention of Skin wound healing

Answer 36

Fibrosis predominates over
Healing is slower with more inflammation and granulation
more scarring