LEC CELLULAR INJURY AND CELL DEATH

Question 1

Results when cells are stressed so severely that they are no longer able to adapt, exposure to inherently damaging agents os suffer from intrinsic abnormalities

Answer 1

CELLULAR INJURY

Question 2

CAUSES OF CELLULAR INJURY

Answer 2

Oxygen Deprivation-hypoxia
Physical Agents-accidents, temperature, Radiation
Chemical Agents and Drugs- Glucose, Salts, Arsenic, Cyanides, Carbon monoxide, Asbestos, Alcohol
Infectious Agents- Microorganisms
Immunologic Reactions- Self antigens
Genetic Abnormalities-deficiency in protein function
Nutritional imbalances-deficiency and diet as factors

Question 3

Hallmarks of reversible cell injury

Answer 3

Reduced oxidative phosphorylation that results to ATP depletion
Cellular swelling caused by changes in ion conc and water influx

Question 4

It is an event of a biological cell seizing to carry out its function

Answer 4

Cell Death

Question 5

Reversible injury is described by:

Answer 5

Swelling/Hydrophic change/Vacuolar degeneration
Blebbing
Detachment of ribosomes
Clumping of nuclear chromatin

Question 6

Earliest manifestation of all forms of cellular injury

Answer 6

Celllar swelling/Hydropic change/Vacuolar degeneration

Question 7

Manifested by the appearance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm

Answer 7

Fatty Change

Question 8

Fatty change is often seen in what type of cells?

Answer 8

Hepatocytes and Myocardial cells due to its dependence on fat metabolism

Question 9

Fatty change in a reversible injury happens due to

Answer 9

Hypoxic injury
Toxic or Metabolic Injury

Question 10

What are the two types of cell death?

Answer 10

Apoptosis and Necrosis

Question 11

It is called programmed cell death and is generally triggered by normal and healthy process in the body, which also occur as a defense mechanism during healing process and it beneficial to the body.

Answer 11

APOPTOSIS

Question 12

A type of cell death which is commonly triggered by external factors such as trauma or infection. It is abnormal, harmful and often called as unprogrammed cell death.

Answer 12

NECROSIS

Question 13

CELL SIZE IN APOPTOSIS AND NECROSIS

Answer 13

Apoptosis- shrinkage
Necrosis- enlarged

Question 14

NUCLEUS IN APOPTOSIS AND NECROSIS

Answer 14

Apoptosis- Fragmentation into nucleosome
Necrosis- Pyknosis/Karyorrhexis/Karyolysis

Question 15

PLASMA MEMBRANE OF APOPTOSIS VS NECROSIS

Answer 15

Apoptosis- intact, altered structure
Necrosis- disrupted

Question 16

CELLULAR CONTENTS OF APOPTOSIS VS NECROSIS

Answer 16

Apoptosis- intact, maybe released in apoptotic bodies
Necrosis- enzymatic digestion, may leak out of cell

Question 17

ADJACENT INFLAMMATION APOPTOSIS VS NECROSIS

Answer 17

Apoptosis- None
Necrosis- Adjacent

Question 18

PHYSIOLOGIC AND PATHOGENIC ROLE APOPTOSIS VS NECROSIS

Answer 18

Apoptosis- often physiologic and may be pathological especially DNA damage
Necrosis- invariably pathologic

Question 19

A type of necrosis which the architecture of the tissue is preserved, denatures not only the proteins but also the enzymes. This necrosis is often seen in a heart after an infarction, as well as the kidneys and adrenal glands.

Answer 19

COAGULATIVE NECROSIS

Question 20

Transformation of tissues into a viscous fluid, seen in focal bacteria or fungal infections, leukocytes accumulation and liberation of enzymes. It also appears as creamy yellow due to pus. One of the example is hypoxic death within the CNS.

Answer 20

LIQUEFACTIVE/LIQUIFACTION NECROSIS

Question 21

This type of necrosis refers to massive death of the tissue caused by a combination of ischemia and superimposed by bacterial infection.

Answer 21

GANGRENOUS NECROSIS

Question 22

2 types of Gangrene

Answer 22

Coagulative- arterial occlusion “Dry Gangrene”
Liquefactive- venous occlusion “Wet Gangrene”

Question 23

This type of necrosis is a conversion of destroyed cells into granular, friable mass made up of a mixture of coagulated protein and fats. It also means cheese like, the cells which are usually fragmented and lysed are enclosed in inflammatory border called granuloma. Usually seen in patient with tuberculosis.

Answer 23

CASEOUS NECROSIS

Question 24

A type of necrosis that destructs the focal area of fat, release of pancreatic lipase into the peritoneal and pancreas. Often occurs in the calamitous abdominal emergency.

Answer 24

FAT NECROSIS

Question 25

Other term for Acute Pancreatitis

Answer 25

Calamitous Abdominal Emergency

Question 26

Fiber is the main reason for this type of necrosis to happen, shapes of tissues gets irregular and causes cell death. A bright pink and amorphous appearance is observed upon staining of H&R stains.

Answer 26

FIBRINOID NECROSIS

Question 27

A type of necrosis which usually happens when the blood supply to the bone is absent. It is also known as osteonecrosis.

Answer 27

AVASCULAR NECROSIS