LEC BIOPSY, AUTOPSY AND CELLULAR ADAPTATION

Question 1

Removal of cells or tissues for examination from a living subject to diagnose the presence or extent of a disease

Answer 1

BIOPSY

Question 2

TYPES OF BIOPSY

Answer 2

Excisional Biopsy-entire lump or lesion is removed
Incisional or Core Biopsy-small sample of tissue
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy-FNAB, least invasive type of biopsy
Punch Biopsy-Skin specimen
Shave Biopsy-uses small scalpel and curved razorblade
Curretage Biopsy-Currette

Question 3

After death examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to determine the cause of death.

Answer 3

NECROPSY/AUTOPSY

Question 4

PRELIMINARIES FOR PME

Answer 4

Written consent from the relatives
Death Certficate
Medical Abstract/Clinical Data
Medicolegal clearance

Question 5

PME is permitted without consent in the following circumstances:

Answer 5

Police Order
Death Certificate
Consent from the deceased
Deceased military who dies in service

Question 6

Coroner has authority to request PME in the ff cases

Answer 6

All natural deaths within 24hrs in the hospital, within 36hrs if attended by a physician
Newborns in the first 24hrs of life
All injury cases
All deaths due to unknown cases
All deaths due to suspicious cases
All abortion cases
All violent deaths
All accidental deaths
All sudden deaths
All cases without assistance within 36hrs of death
All deaths due to drowning, strangulation, hanging
All deaths due to shooting, stab wounds, burns, electricity, lightning, tetanus
All homicides
All suicides
All cases with poisoning suspicion
All stillborns
Prematures

Question 7

Cooling of the body or cold death

Answer 7

ALGOR MORTIS
2.0-2.5F/hr-1st hr
1.5-2.0F/hr- next 12hrs
1.0F/hr- next 12-18hrs

Question 8

Algor Mortis is faster in what state?

Answer 8

Cold weather
Lean or Malnourished patients

Question 9

Rigidity of the body due to the hardening of the skeletal muscles due to series of physiochemical events after death

Answer 9

RIGOR MORTIS
Starts at- 2-3hrs
Complete stiffness- 6-8hrs
Remains at- 12-36hrs
Persists about- 3-4 days

Question 10

Rigor Mortis is hasten and delays in what state

Answer 10

Hasten stiffness- warm environment
Delays stiffness- cold temperatures, obese individuals

Question 11

Bluish-purple discoloration of the skin after death

Answer 11

LIVOR MORTIS

Question 12

Livor mortis becomes evident as early as ______ minutes and is fully evident _______ hrs

Answer 12

20 minutes
4-8hrs

Question 13

This spots is commonly seen 20-30mins or up to 2hrs after death

Answer 13

Tardieu spots

Question 14

Settling of RBCs from the fluid after death

Answer 14

Post Mortem clotting of blood

Question 15

Rotting or decomposition of the body due to bacterial activity

Answer 15

Putrefaction

Question 16

TYPES OF AUTOPSY

Answer 16

Medico Legal
Clinical or Pathological Autopsy
Anatomical or Academic Autopsy
Virtual or Medical Imaging Autopsy/ Virtopsy

Question 17

Classification of deaths

Answer 17

Natural
Accidental
Homicidal
Suicidal
Undetermined cause

Question 18

Types of autopsy that is performed to diagnose a particular disease, and to confirm unknown diagnosis prior to patients death

Answer 18

Clinical or Pathological Autopsy

Question 19

This type of autopsy is performed by students of anatomy for

Answer 19

Anatomic or Academic Autopsy

Question 20

This type of autopsy is performed by utilizing imaging technology primarily magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography

Answer 20

Virtual or Medical Imaging Autopsy/ Virtopsy

Question 21

What are the parts of Physical Examination in Autopsy

Answer 21

External Examination
Internal Examination

Question 22

Types of incision in Internal Examination

Answer 22

Y shaped- for strangulation, female cadavers
T shaped- for aesthetic finish
Single vertical cut- done among childrens

Question 23

What are the kinds of Autopsy?

Answer 23

Autopsy of Virchow- organ is taken out one by one, pathologic change in individual organs
Autopsy of Letulle- organs are taken out en-mass/as a group, EN-BLOC
Autopsy of Rokitansky- organs are examined IN-SITU/locally, for HIV and Hepatitis B
Autopsy of Ghon- organs are examined and removed in 3 blocks (cervical, abdominal, urogenital)

Question 24

These are reversible changes in the size, phenotype, number, metabolic activity, functions of cells in response to changes in their environment.

Answer 24

CELLULAR ADAPTATION

Question 25

Types of abnormalities in Cell Growth

Answer 25

Retrogressive-hypoplasia, aplasia, agenesia, atrophy
Progressive- hypertrophy, hyperplasia
Degenerative- metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia, neoplasia

Question 26

Shrinkage of size of the cell by loss of its cell substance

Answer 26

ATROPHY

Question 27

It is the decrease in size of the uterus following childbirth

Answer 27

PARTURITION

Question 28

Protein-calorie malnutrition

Answer 28

MARASMUS

Question 29

Body muscles are waste away

Answer 29

CACHEXIA

Question 30

It is described as the increase in the size of the cells, hence increasing the size of the affected organs, also due to the synthesis and assembly of additional intracellular structural components

Answer 30

HYPERTROPHY

Question 31

Increase in numbers of cells by means of mitosis or division

Answer 31

HYPERPLASIA

Question 32

It is a progressive type of Atrophy in the brain in late adult life caused by Arteriosclerosis

Answer 32

SENILE ATROPHY

Question 33

Samples of Hyperplasia

Answer 33

Grave’s Disease
Nodular Hyperplasia
Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia
Endometrial Hyperplasia

Question 34

A type of cellular adaptaion in which there is an abnormal change in shape,size and organization of cell

Answer 34

DYSPLASIA

Question 35

A reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type

Answer 35

METAPLASIA

Question 36

It is the incomplete or underdevelopment of a tissue or organ

Answer 36

HYPOPLASIA

Question 37

It refers to the failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development

Answer 37

AGENESIS

Question 38

It refers to the failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development

Answer 38

AGENESIS