LEC BIOPSY, AUTOPSY AND CELLULAR ADAPTATION Flashcards
Removal of cells or tissues for examination from a living subject to diagnose the presence or extent of a disease
BIOPSY
TYPES OF BIOPSY
Excisional Biopsy-entire lump or lesion is removed
Incisional or Core Biopsy-small sample of tissue
Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy-FNAB, least invasive type of biopsy
Punch Biopsy-Skin specimen
Shave Biopsy-uses small scalpel and curved razorblade
Curretage Biopsy-Currette
After death examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to determine the cause of death.
NECROPSY/AUTOPSY
PRELIMINARIES FOR PME
Written consent from the relatives
Death Certficate
Medical Abstract/Clinical Data
Medicolegal clearance
PME is permitted without consent in the following circumstances:
Police Order
Death Certificate
Consent from the deceased
Deceased military who dies in service
Coroner has authority to request PME in the ff cases
All natural deaths within 24hrs in the hospital, within 36hrs if attended by a physician
Newborns in the first 24hrs of life
All injury cases
All deaths due to unknown cases
All deaths due to suspicious cases
All abortion cases
All violent deaths
All accidental deaths
All sudden deaths
All cases without assistance within 36hrs of death
All deaths due to drowning, strangulation, hanging
All deaths due to shooting, stab wounds, burns, electricity, lightning, tetanus
All homicides
All suicides
All cases with poisoning suspicion
All stillborns
Prematures
Cooling of the body or cold death
ALGOR MORTIS
2.0-2.5F/hr-1st hr
1.5-2.0F/hr- next 12hrs
1.0F/hr- next 12-18hrs
Algor Mortis is faster in what state?
Cold weather
Lean or Malnourished patients
Rigidity of the body due to the hardening of the skeletal muscles due to series of physiochemical events after death
RIGOR MORTIS
Starts at- 2-3hrs
Complete stiffness- 6-8hrs
Remains at- 12-36hrs
Persists about- 3-4 days
Rigor Mortis is hasten and delays in what state
Hasten stiffness- warm environment
Delays stiffness- cold temperatures, obese individuals
Bluish-purple discoloration of the skin after death
LIVOR MORTIS
Livor mortis becomes evident as early as ______ minutes and is fully evident _______ hrs
20 minutes
4-8hrs
This spots is commonly seen 20-30mins or up to 2hrs after death
Tardieu spots
Settling of RBCs from the fluid after death
Post Mortem clotting of blood
Rotting or decomposition of the body due to bacterial activity
Putrefaction
TYPES OF AUTOPSY
Medico Legal
Clinical or Pathological Autopsy
Anatomical or Academic Autopsy
Virtual or Medical Imaging Autopsy/ Virtopsy
Classification of deaths
Natural
Accidental
Homicidal
Suicidal
Undetermined cause
Types of autopsy that is performed to diagnose a particular disease, and to confirm unknown diagnosis prior to patients death
Clinical or Pathological Autopsy
This type of autopsy is performed by students of anatomy for
Anatomic or Academic Autopsy
This type of autopsy is performed by utilizing imaging technology primarily magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography
Virtual or Medical Imaging Autopsy/ Virtopsy
What are the parts of Physical Examination in Autopsy
External Examination
Internal Examination
Types of incision in Internal Examination
Y shaped- for strangulation, female cadavers
T shaped- for aesthetic finish
Single vertical cut- done among childrens
What are the kinds of Autopsy?
Autopsy of Virchow- organ is taken out one by one, pathologic change in individual organs
Autopsy of Letulle- organs are taken out en-mass/as a group, EN-BLOC
Autopsy of Rokitansky- organs are examined IN-SITU/locally, for HIV and Hepatitis B
Autopsy of Ghon- organs are examined and removed in 3 blocks (cervical, abdominal, urogenital)
These are reversible changes in the size, phenotype, number, metabolic activity, functions of cells in response to changes in their environment.
CELLULAR ADAPTATION
Types of abnormalities in Cell Growth
Retrogressive-hypoplasia, aplasia, agenesia, atrophy
Progressive- hypertrophy, hyperplasia
Degenerative- metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia, neoplasia
Shrinkage of size of the cell by loss of its cell substance
ATROPHY
It is the decrease in size of the uterus following childbirth
PARTURITION
Protein-calorie malnutrition
MARASMUS
Body muscles are waste away
CACHEXIA
It is described as the increase in the size of the cells, hence increasing the size of the affected organs, also due to the synthesis and assembly of additional intracellular structural components
HYPERTROPHY
Increase in numbers of cells by means of mitosis or division
HYPERPLASIA
It is a progressive type of Atrophy in the brain in late adult life caused by Arteriosclerosis
SENILE ATROPHY
Samples of Hyperplasia
Grave’s Disease
Nodular Hyperplasia
Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia
Endometrial Hyperplasia
A type of cellular adaptaion in which there is an abnormal change in shape,size and organization of cell
DYSPLASIA
A reversible change in which one differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type
METAPLASIA
It is the incomplete or underdevelopment of a tissue or organ
HYPOPLASIA
It refers to the failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development
AGENESIS
It refers to the failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth and development
AGENESIS
