Lec 9/9 Flashcards
what is CNS composed of ?
brain and spinal cord
what is PNS composed of ?
other parts of the NS
what is white matter composed of?
axons, supporting cells and neuronal matrix found in the CNS
what is a tract?
a group of axons running in the CNS, all of which are involved in the same function
what is glia?
the matrix in which axons reside
what is grey matter composed of?
neurons and interneurons found in the CNS
what is ganglion?
a collection of cell bodies, all involved in the same function, found in the PNS
what is nucleus?
a collection of cell bodies, all involved in the same function, found in the CNS
what is basal ganglia?
a collection of nuclei in the CNS, all involved in the same function
what is rostral?
toward the nose, as in the prefrontal protion of the frontal lobe
what is caudal?
toward the tail, as in the most inferior aspect of the spinal cord
what is Afferent?
inward toward a structure, such as sensory impulses traveling towards the CNS
what is Efferent?
outward from a structure, such as motor impulses travelling from the CNS
what is anterograde?
substances in the axon travelling from the soma to the synapse
what is retrograde?
substances in the axon travelling from the synapse to the soma
what is commissure?
fibers connecting equivalent structures in the right side of the brain to the left side of the brain
Ipsilateral
situated or affecting the same side of the body
contralateral
situated or affecting the opposite side of the body
bilateral
situated or affecting both sides of the body
what techniques used to detect the path fibers travel in NS?
- staining techniques(myelin stains and Golgi stain)
- tracing techniques(HPR-horseradish peroxidase)and axonal ablation
- CAT, MRI, PET
what are steps for Golgi stain?
- place tissue in a fixative that contains potassium dichromate
- place tissue in silver nitrate solution
- cut, dehydrate and mount tissue
what is an advantage of Golgi stain?
exquisite detailed images
what is a disadvantage of Golgi stain?
capricious and nonreproducible
what are parts of CNS?
cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem,spinal cord
types of neurons
unipolar(pseudounipolar) and multipolar cells
where are unipolar found?
in sensory ganglia and one sensory nucleus
EX of neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, serotonin,epinephrine, dopamine, Gaba-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid
what are cell types in CNS?
neuron, interneuron, oligodendrocyte-produce myelin, astrocyte-producematric in which nerve cells reside, microglial cell-phagocytic cell specific to CNS
what wrappings of spinal cord?
meninges and meningeal spaces
why are these changes and relationships important?
- epidural or subdural injection
- removal of cerebrospinal fluid
what is modality?
in each nerve, whether it be cranial nerve or spinal nerve, there are 6 separate sets of functions that can travel. These functions are called modality
general somatic efferent motor
motor to muscles that developed from somatic mesoderm. Muscles that are primarily found in limbs and trunl w/ exception of the muscles that move eye and muscles that move tongue. Considered to be “voluntary” motor
general visceral efferent motor
motor to muscles that developed from splanchnic mesoderm. Muscles are found throughout the body. Associated w/ autonomic nervous system and thought to be primarily “involuntary motor”
special or pharyngeal (branchial) efferent motor
motor to muscles that developed from pharyngeal or branchial arches. Primarily found in head and face but some are found in neck(sternocleidomastoid) or upper trunk(trapezius). Some are moved voluntarily and some are moved involuntarily
general somatic afferent (sensory)
sensory from receptors in the skin, ligaments and tendons including sensations of pain, temperature, pressure, touch, proprioception, and stereognosis. Considered to be “direct” sensation
general visceral Afferent (sensory)
sensory from receptors in muscles and various sensory organs such as carotid body and carotid sinus. Pain associated w/ this modality is considered to be “referred” pain
special afferent (sensory)
sensory from receptors in head. Sensations include taste, smell, sight, hearing and balance
The modalities which can possibly run in a typical spinal nerve
*Motor or efferent
- general somatic efferent-to muscles of somatic origin
- general visceral efferent-to muscles of splanchnic origin
The modalities which can possibly run in a typical spinal nerve
*sensory or afferent
- general somatic afferent-direct sensation
- general visceral afferent-referred sensation
what are cranial nerves?
olfactory nerve(I)-smell,optic nerve(II)- sight, Oculomotor nerve(III), Trochlear nerve(IV), Abducens nerve(VI), trigemial nerve(V), Vestibulocochlear nerve(VIII), Accessory nerve(XI), Hypoglossal nerve(XII)
Oculomotor nerve(III)
- somatic motor to 4 of 6 extraocular muscles(superior, inferior & medial rectus, and inferior oblique) and levator palpebrae superioris
- autonomic parasympathetic motor to ciliary muscles and constrictor pupillae muscle
Trochlear nerve (IV)
somatic motor to superior oblique muscle(an extraocular muscle)
Abducens nerve(VI)
somatic motor to lateral rectus muscle(an extraocular muscle)
Trigeminal nerve (V)
- somatic sensory from majority of head and neck
- branchial motor to muscles of mastication(temoralis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, mylohyoid, anterior digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
Vestibulocochlear nerve(VIII)
hearing and balance
Accessory nerve (XI)
branchial motor to muscles of pharynx and larynx, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
somatic motor to extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue
