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DEN 7109 > Lec 9/8 > Flashcards

Lec 9/8 Flashcards

1
Q

axial

A

skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, hyoid bone

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2
Q

appendicular

A

everything esle

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3
Q

anatomical position

A

anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, proximal, distal

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4
Q

anterior

A

ventral

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5
Q

posterior

A

dorsal

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6
Q

superior

A

cranial

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7
Q

inferior

A

caudal

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8
Q

median plane

A

saggital plane

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9
Q

frontal plane

A

coronal plane

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10
Q

transverse plane

A

horizontal plane

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11
Q

basic movements

A

flexion, extension, opposition, reposition, supination, pronation, adduction, abduction, medial rotation. lateral rotation

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12
Q

flexion

A
  • bend upper body forward
  • move arm forward
  • bend leg backward
  • move hand downward
  • bring all fingers close to palm
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13
Q

extension

A
  • bend upper body backward
  • move arm backward
  • bring leg straight
  • move hand upward
  • release all fingers to normal position
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14
Q

opposition

A

the position where the thumb and one of other fingers close

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15
Q

abduction

A

moving arm away from body

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16
Q

adduction

A

moving arm toward body

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17
Q

medial rotation

A

turn arm in the way the thumb is close to body w/ the shoulder is point of attachment

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18
Q

lateral rotation

A

turn arm in the way the thumb is away from body w/ shoulder is point of attachment

19
Q

protraction

A

abduction of scapula (shoulder blade moves away from the midline)

20
Q

retraction

A

adduction of scapula (shoulder blade moves toward the midline)

21
Q

circumduction

A

circular movement of a limb

22
Q

pronation

A

palm faces down

23
Q

supination

A

palm faces up

24
Q

types of tissues

A

epithelium, connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle

25
Q

functions of epithelium

A
  • protection of underlying structures
  • secretion of mucus, hormones, enzymes, and other materials
  • absorption of material from a lumen (such as in the intestinal tract or kidneys)
  • divides quicker than any other tissues–> cancer occurs often
26
Q

functions of epithelium

A

detection of sensation via taste buds, retina of the eye, and specialized hairs cells in the ear and nose
*control of movement of material between body compartment via selective permeability of intercellular junctions between the epithelial cells

27
Q

Basement membrane

A
  • Interface between the epithelium and connective tissue
  • A narrow acellular region
  • Composed of 2 sublayers: basal lamina produced by epithelial cells and reticular lamina produced by connective tissue cells
28
Q

function of basement membrane

A
  • Nutrients from blood vessels cross basement membrane to epithelium layer
  • Thickening of basement membrane can result in lack of nutrition and blood supply to the epithelium resulting in cell death
29
Q

what is connective tissue

A

composed of cells and extracellular matrix

30
Q

functions of C.T

A

support, separation, facilitation of movement, protection, transport of fluid and cells, providing a pool of undifferentiated cells (mesenchymal cells) that can become any number of adult cell types

31
Q

types of connective tissue

A

bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, blood, teeth, connective tissue proper

32
Q

what cell types found in CT proper?

A
  • fibroblast- produce the fibers and matrix. fibers include collagen, reticular and elastic
  • Macrophage- phagocytes involved in immune defense. other defense cells found in CT proper are eosinophils and neutrophils
33
Q

what cell types found in CT proper?

A
  • Mast cells produce histamine and heparin

* Plasma cells produce antibodies

34
Q

Mesenchyme

A

immature CT. The precursor for other CT types. Undifferentiated cells, stem cells, within it are capable of becoming most other CT cells including bone and cartilage

35
Q

types of CT proper

A
  • loose CT(adipose)
  • dense irregular CT (submucosa, dermis)
  • dense regular CT (ligament, tendon)
36
Q

losse CT

A
  • of the mature types of tissue contains the greatest amount of cells and least amount of matrix.
  • Contains the greatest amount of immune cells and blood vessels
37
Q

dense irregular CT

A
  • Contains far less cells than loose CT and more matrix and fibers.
  • Tissue is quite flexible and can wrap around structures such as glands, muscles and organs
38
Q

dense regular CT

A
  • Contains very few cells and parallel layers of collagen fibers
  • Two primary types of dense regular CT are ligaments and tendons
39
Q

types of muscle

A

skeletal, smooth, cardiac, and branchial

40
Q

what are muscles that develop from branchial arches?

A
  • muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
  • muscles of facial expression, stapedius (in the ear), posterior digastric and stylohyoid
  • muscles of larynx and pharynx
  • a portion of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
41
Q

muscle shapes and configurations

A

unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, strap, fusiform, fan-shaped, sphincter (muscle around the mouth)

42
Q

Rules of muscle effectiveness

A
  • In order for a muscle to work (except for some of muscles of the head and neck) it must cross a joint
  • A muscle works at any joint it crosses
43
Q

Type I muscle fiber

A
  • red
  • innervate small nerve fibers
  • slow contraction speed
  • repeated or continuous contraction maintenance
  • sarcoplasmic reticulum is not extensive
44
Q

Type II muscle fiber

A
  • white
  • Innervate larger nerve fibers
  • Fast contraction speed
  • Rapid contraction and cant be maintained
  • Sarcoplasmic reticulum is extensive

DEN 7109 (8 decks)

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