Lec 9/8

Question 1

axial

Answer 1

skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, hyoid bone

Question 2

appendicular

Answer 2

everything esle

Question 3

anatomical position

Answer 3

anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, proximal, distal

Question 4

anterior

Answer 4

ventral

Question 5

posterior

Answer 5

dorsal

Question 6

superior

Answer 6

cranial

Question 7

inferior

Answer 7

caudal

Question 8

median plane

Answer 8

saggital plane

Question 9

frontal plane

Answer 9

coronal plane

Question 10

transverse plane

Answer 10

horizontal plane

Question 11

basic movements

Answer 11

flexion, extension, opposition, reposition, supination, pronation, adduction, abduction, medial rotation. lateral rotation

Question 12

flexion

Answer 12

• bend upper body forward
• move arm forward
• bend leg backward
• move hand downward
• bring all fingers close to palm

Question 13

extension

Answer 13

• bend upper body backward
• move arm backward
• bring leg straight
• move hand upward
• release all fingers to normal position

Question 14

opposition

Answer 14

the position where the thumb and one of other fingers close

Question 15

abduction

Answer 15

moving arm away from body

Question 16

adduction

Answer 16

moving arm toward body

Question 17

medial rotation

Answer 17

turn arm in the way the thumb is close to body w/ the shoulder is point of attachment

Question 18

lateral rotation

Answer 18

turn arm in the way the thumb is away from body w/ shoulder is point of attachment

Question 19

protraction

Answer 19

abduction of scapula (shoulder blade moves away from the midline)

Question 20

retraction

Answer 20

adduction of scapula (shoulder blade moves toward the midline)

Question 21

circumduction

Answer 21

circular movement of a limb

Question 22

pronation

Answer 22

palm faces down

Question 23

supination

Answer 23

palm faces up

Question 24

types of tissues

Answer 24

epithelium, connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle

Question 25

functions of epithelium

Answer 25

* protection of underlying structures * secretion of mucus, hormones, enzymes, and other materials * absorption of material from a lumen (such as in the intestinal tract or kidneys) * divides quicker than any other tissues--> cancer occurs often

Question 26

functions of epithelium

Answer 26

detection of sensation via taste buds, retina of the eye, and specialized hairs cells in the ear and nose *control of movement of material between body compartment via selective permeability of intercellular junctions between the epithelial cells

Question 27

Basement membrane

Answer 27

* Interface between the epithelium and connective tissue * A narrow acellular region * Composed of 2 sublayers: basal lamina produced by epithelial cells and reticular lamina produced by connective tissue cells

Question 28

function of basement membrane

Answer 28

* Nutrients from blood vessels cross basement membrane to epithelium layer * Thickening of basement membrane can result in lack of nutrition and blood supply to the epithelium resulting in cell death

Question 29

what is connective tissue

Answer 29

composed of cells and extracellular matrix

Question 30

functions of C.T

Answer 30

support, separation, facilitation of movement, protection, transport of fluid and cells, providing a pool of undifferentiated cells (mesenchymal cells) that can become any number of adult cell types

Question 31

types of connective tissue

Answer 31

bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, blood, teeth, connective tissue proper

Question 32

what cell types found in CT proper?

Answer 32

* fibroblast- produce the fibers and matrix. fibers include collagen, reticular and elastic * Macrophage- phagocytes involved in immune defense. other defense cells found in CT proper are eosinophils and neutrophils

Question 33

what cell types found in CT proper?

Answer 33

* Mast cells produce histamine and heparin | * Plasma cells produce antibodies

Question 34

Mesenchyme

Answer 34

immature CT. The precursor for other CT types. Undifferentiated cells, stem cells, within it are capable of becoming most other CT cells including bone and cartilage

Question 35

types of CT proper

Answer 35

* loose CT(adipose) * dense irregular CT (submucosa, dermis) * dense regular CT (ligament, tendon)

Question 36

losse CT

Answer 36

* of the mature types of tissue contains the greatest amount of cells and least amount of matrix. * Contains the greatest amount of immune cells and blood vessels

Question 37

dense irregular CT

Answer 37

* Contains far less cells than loose CT and more matrix and fibers. * Tissue is quite flexible and can wrap around structures such as glands, muscles and organs

Question 38

dense regular CT

Answer 38

* Contains very few cells and parallel layers of collagen fibers * Two primary types of dense regular CT are ligaments and tendons

Question 39

types of muscle

Answer 39

skeletal, smooth, cardiac, and branchial

Question 40

what are muscles that develop from branchial arches?

Answer 40

* muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini * muscles of facial expression, stapedius (in the ear), posterior digastric and stylohyoid * muscles of larynx and pharynx * a portion of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

Question 41

muscle shapes and configurations

Answer 41

unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, strap, fusiform, fan-shaped, sphincter (muscle around the mouth)

Question 42

Rules of muscle effectiveness

Answer 42

* In order for a muscle to work (except for some of muscles of the head and neck) it must cross a joint * A muscle works at any joint it crosses

Question 43

Type I muscle fiber

Answer 43

* red * innervate small nerve fibers * slow contraction speed * repeated or continuous contraction maintenance * sarcoplasmic reticulum is not extensive

Question 44

Type II muscle fiber

Answer 44

* white * Innervate larger nerve fibers * Fast contraction speed * Rapid contraction and cant be maintained * Sarcoplasmic reticulum is extensive