Lec 9/8 Flashcards
axial
skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, hyoid bone
appendicular
everything esle
anatomical position
anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, proximal, distal
anterior
ventral
posterior
dorsal
superior
cranial
inferior
caudal
median plane
saggital plane
frontal plane
coronal plane
transverse plane
horizontal plane
basic movements
flexion, extension, opposition, reposition, supination, pronation, adduction, abduction, medial rotation. lateral rotation
flexion
- bend upper body forward
- move arm forward
- bend leg backward
- move hand downward
- bring all fingers close to palm
extension
- bend upper body backward
- move arm backward
- bring leg straight
- move hand upward
- release all fingers to normal position
opposition
the position where the thumb and one of other fingers close
abduction
moving arm away from body
adduction
moving arm toward body
medial rotation
turn arm in the way the thumb is close to body w/ the shoulder is point of attachment
lateral rotation
turn arm in the way the thumb is away from body w/ shoulder is point of attachment
protraction
abduction of scapula (shoulder blade moves away from the midline)
retraction
adduction of scapula (shoulder blade moves toward the midline)
circumduction
circular movement of a limb
pronation
palm faces down
supination
palm faces up
types of tissues
epithelium, connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscle
functions of epithelium
- protection of underlying structures
- secretion of mucus, hormones, enzymes, and other materials
- absorption of material from a lumen (such as in the intestinal tract or kidneys)
- divides quicker than any other tissues–> cancer occurs often
functions of epithelium
detection of sensation via taste buds, retina of the eye, and specialized hairs cells in the ear and nose
*control of movement of material between body compartment via selective permeability of intercellular junctions between the epithelial cells
Basement membrane
- Interface between the epithelium and connective tissue
- A narrow acellular region
- Composed of 2 sublayers: basal lamina produced by epithelial cells and reticular lamina produced by connective tissue cells
function of basement membrane
- Nutrients from blood vessels cross basement membrane to epithelium layer
- Thickening of basement membrane can result in lack of nutrition and blood supply to the epithelium resulting in cell death
what is connective tissue
composed of cells and extracellular matrix
functions of C.T
support, separation, facilitation of movement, protection, transport of fluid and cells, providing a pool of undifferentiated cells (mesenchymal cells) that can become any number of adult cell types
types of connective tissue
bone, cartilage, adipose tissue, blood, teeth, connective tissue proper
what cell types found in CT proper?
- fibroblast- produce the fibers and matrix. fibers include collagen, reticular and elastic
- Macrophage- phagocytes involved in immune defense. other defense cells found in CT proper are eosinophils and neutrophils
what cell types found in CT proper?
- Mast cells produce histamine and heparin
* Plasma cells produce antibodies
Mesenchyme
immature CT. The precursor for other CT types. Undifferentiated cells, stem cells, within it are capable of becoming most other CT cells including bone and cartilage
types of CT proper
- loose CT(adipose)
- dense irregular CT (submucosa, dermis)
- dense regular CT (ligament, tendon)
losse CT
- of the mature types of tissue contains the greatest amount of cells and least amount of matrix.
- Contains the greatest amount of immune cells and blood vessels
dense irregular CT
- Contains far less cells than loose CT and more matrix and fibers.
- Tissue is quite flexible and can wrap around structures such as glands, muscles and organs
dense regular CT
- Contains very few cells and parallel layers of collagen fibers
- Two primary types of dense regular CT are ligaments and tendons
types of muscle
skeletal, smooth, cardiac, and branchial
what are muscles that develop from branchial arches?
- muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini
- muscles of facial expression, stapedius (in the ear), posterior digastric and stylohyoid
- muscles of larynx and pharynx
- a portion of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
muscle shapes and configurations
unipennate, bipennate, multipennate, strap, fusiform, fan-shaped, sphincter (muscle around the mouth)
Rules of muscle effectiveness
- In order for a muscle to work (except for some of muscles of the head and neck) it must cross a joint
- A muscle works at any joint it crosses
Type I muscle fiber
- red
- innervate small nerve fibers
- slow contraction speed
- repeated or continuous contraction maintenance
- sarcoplasmic reticulum is not extensive
Type II muscle fiber
- white
- Innervate larger nerve fibers
- Fast contraction speed
- Rapid contraction and cant be maintained
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum is extensive
