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slp1514: applied audiology > lec 7 > Flashcards

lec 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the diff roles of the brainstem vs cortex in relation to the vestibular system?

A
  • brainstem: reflex pathways + balance
  • cortex: perception of gravity + movement
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2
Q

functions of the utricle and saccule? (2)

A
  1. linear acceleration
  2. gravitational force / static equilibrium
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3
Q

functions of the semicircular canals? (2)

A
  1. rotational movement
  2. head movement
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4
Q

what type of linear acceleration is the utricle vs saccule responsible for?

A
  • utricle: horizontal
  • saccule: vertical
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5
Q

what type of rotations is each SCC responsible for?

A
  • lateral SCC: left and right
  • superior SCC: up and down
  • posterior SCC: side to side tilt
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6
Q

what is the sense organ of the SCCs? where are they located? what do they contain which is critical?

A
  • crista ampullaris
  • located in ampullae of each canal
  • contain hair cells within gelatinous structure (cupula)
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7
Q

what happens when the fluid in the SCCs swirls during movement?

A
  • displaces cupula, stimulating hair cells
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8
Q

what is the sense organ of the otolithic organs? what are its layers?

A
  • macula
  • layers = otoconial, gelatinous, hair cells
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9
Q

how is the macula oriented in the utricle and saccule?

A
  • utricle: horizontally
  • saccule: vertically
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10
Q

what happens in the macula when the head is tipped?

A

gravity makes gelatinous mass pull hair cells, stimulating them

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11
Q

movement towards the tallest kinocilia causes ____ of the hair cell.

movement towards the shortest kinocilia causes ____ of the hair cell.

A
  • depolarization
  • hyperpolarization
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12
Q

function of vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR)? (3)

A
  • controls eye muscles
  • keeps eyes focused while head is moving
  • moves eyes in opposite direction of the head
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13
Q

what is the caloric test? what are normal results? which reflex is it testing?

A
  • put cold water or air at eardrum and observe both eyes for 1 min.
  • normal: rapid movement AWAY from irrigated ear + slow movement back (COWS).
  • vestibular-ocular reflex
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14
Q

what does an electronystagmography measure? is it used alone?

A
  • measures changes in potential caused by nystagmus
  • used in conjunction w/ caloric test
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15
Q

which system do rotational tests test?

A

vestibular-ocular system

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16
Q

what do vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) test? how? what do results suggest?

A
  • function of saccule
  • high intensity sound in test ear + measuring neck reflex
  • if abnormal result, indicates meniere’s, perilymph fistula, SSCD…
17
Q

what are symptoms of benign positional paroxysmal vertigo (BPPV)? what is it caused by?

A
  • sudden dizziness or vertigo occurring with head movement or position
  • occurs when otoconia migrate into the SCCs
18
Q

what is vestibular neuritis? what are the two phases?

A
  • results from an infection in the inner ear or nerves
  • acute phase = severe dizziness for 24 hours
  • chronic phase: range of symptoms depending on if vestibular nerve has been damaged
19
Q

what are 2 possible causes of motion sickness?

A
  1. vestibular system senses movement but eyes indicate the person is stationary (sensory conflict model)
  2. overstimulation of vestibular system
20
Q

what is vestibular schwannoma?

A
  • benign tumor on vestibular or cochlear nerve
  • pressure on nerve may cause hearing loss and imbalance
21
Q

what is a perilymph fistula? what is it caused by? what are some symptoms?

A
  • leakage of fluid from inner to middle ear usually
  • caused by head trauma or surgery complications
  • symptoms = ear fullness, fluctuating hearing…
22
Q

describe the symptoms of meniere’s disease (5)

A
  1. 2+ episodes of vertigo lasting 20 mins to 24 hrs.
  2. unilateral, fluctuating, sensorineural hearing loss, usually low frequency.
  3. tinnitus.
  4. feeling of fullness in the ear.
  5. hypersensitivity to intense sounds.
23
Q

when is typical onset of meniere’s?

A

age 20-40

24
Q

treatments for meniere’s? (7)

A
  • medications for dizziness
  • salt restriction + diuretics (may reduce fluid volume/pressure in inner ear)
  • cognitive therapy for coping
  • injections (gentamicin or corticosteroids)
  • pressure pulse treatment
  • surgery
  • alternative medicine
25
Q

T or F: the hearing loss from meniere’s is temporary

A

false, it is permanent

26
Q

T or F: meniere’s can return in the opposite ear

A

true :(

27
Q

function of vestibulospinal reflex (VSR)? (2)

A
  • senses loss of balance, activating muscles
  • adjusts for rapid changes in posture
28
Q

function of vestibulocollic reflex (VCR)? (2)

A
  • compensatory response of neck muscles to stabilize head position
  • keeps head still when you walk

slp1514: applied audiology (13 decks)

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