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slp1514: applied audiology > lec 2 > Flashcards

lec 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 parts of outer ear and their main functions?

A
  1. pinna: collects and localizes sound.
  2. external auditory meatus: resonator (2000-7000Hz) and protects.
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2
Q

what is the pinna made of?

A

cartilage

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3
Q

T or F: differences in pinna appearance support a one-locus two allele theory

A

false!

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4
Q

what is it called when the pinna is absent?

A

anotia

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5
Q

what is it called when the pinna is very small?

A

microtia

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6
Q

what is it called when the pinna is very large?

A

macrotia

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7
Q

what is it called when there is congenital displacement of the pinna?

A

melotia

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8
Q

what is otoplasty?

A

pinna construction surgery

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9
Q

differences bw the outer 1/3 and inner 2/3 of the external auditory meatus?

A
  • 1/3: cartilage. covered in hair follicles and sebaceous glands.
  • 2/3: skin-covered bone.
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10
Q

T or F: ear wax colour varies with skin pigmentation

A

true

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11
Q

what is atresia vs stenosis?

A
  • atresia: lack of ear canal.
  • stenosis: narrowing of ear canal.
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12
Q

what is exostoses vs furonculosis?

A
  • exostoses: boney growth in ear canal.
  • furonculosis: hair follicle infection in ear canal.
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13
Q

tympanic membrane:

a) what is it held by?
b) what is the greatest surface area?
c) what is the looser part?

A

a) tympanic annulus
b) pars tensa
c) pars flaccida

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14
Q

T or F: the eardrum will turn red if you scream

A

true!

application: if a child is screaming, their TM may be red and this can lead to misdiagnosed infections.

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15
Q

energy in the outer ear is ___. when it hits the TM, it becomes ____.

A
  • acoustic
  • mechanical
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16
Q

what is tympanosclerosis? what can cause it?

A

scar tissue build up on TM, can be caused by repeated perforations.

17
Q

T or F: size of TM perforation predicts hearing loss

A

false

18
Q

what are the ossicles suspended by?

A

ligaments

19
Q

ossicle pathology (define the following):

a) disarticulation
b) arthritis
c) otosclerosis

A

a) bones break apart
b) self explanatory
c) spongy bone forms over stapes and hardens

20
Q

what connects the nasopharynx and the middle ear?

A

eustachian tube (ET)

21
Q

what is the middle ear space filled with?

A

air

22
Q

which muscle opens the ET?

A

tensor palatini

23
Q

diff bw adult and child ET?

A
  • adult: angled 30-45 degrees and drains independently.
  • child: angled 10 degrees (drainage issues common).
24
Q

how is the middle ear pressure equalized to ear canal pressure?

A

by the ET

25
Q

what does the ET do at extreme pressures?

A

shuts

26
Q

what is a patulous ET? who is at risk?

A
  • an ET that remains open.
  • at risk: weightlifters and bulimic people.
27
Q

what are some risk factors for otitis media?

A
  • being age 18 months - 3 years
  • bottle-feeding vs breast-feeding
  • exposure to upper resp tract irritants
  • cranio-facial involvement
28
Q

diff bw acute otitis media vs serous otitis media vs chronic otitis media?

A
  • acute: bacterial/viral infection
  • serous: air in middle ear space is replaced by any fluid (NOT infected)
  • chronic: fluid remaining for > 8 weeks
29
Q

T or F: kids with OM will speak louder

A

false – speak softer because ears plugged = voice sounds louder

30
Q

T or F: antibiotics are effective treatment for OM

A

false

31
Q

why are myringotomies (with/without tubes) effective treatments for OM?

A
  • allow fluid to drain
32
Q

what is impedance match?

A

the middle ear overcoming the loss of sound energy when sounds passes from air to fluid (30-36dB)

33
Q

what are the 3 ways the middle ear impedance matches?

A
  1. leverage action of ossicles
  2. TM vibrating area is 17x the size of oval window
  3. curved shape of TM focuses movement on malleus
34
Q

what is barotrauma?

A

damage to TM caused by big (and sudden) differences in pressures in outside environment and middle ear (ex: scuba diving coming up too fast)

35
Q

what are the 2 middle ear muscles and what do they do?

A
  1. stapedius: stapes moves to side, tightening oval window.
  2. tensor tympani: tenses TM by moving malleus.
36
Q

what is acoustic reflex? how long does it last? how much intensity does it reduce?

A
  • acoustic reflex: reflexive response to intense sounds thought to protect inner ear.
  • 15 seconds
  • as much as 15dB

slp1514: applied audiology (13 decks)

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