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bio 381 > Lec 7 > Flashcards

Lec 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Environmental toxicology

A

The study of environmental factors that can influence the exposure of organisms to potentially toxic chemicals

How chemicals react with the environment

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2
Q

Ecotoxicology

A

The study of the poisonous effects of chemicals as well as their indirect ecological effects

Impacts of chemicals on the environment and its inhabitants

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3
Q

Acute toxicity

A

Short term exposure to a chemical in a high enough concentration to cause damage or death

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4
Q

Chronic toxicity

A

Long-term exposure to low or moderate concentrations of a chemical. Over time, chronic exposure may cause damage of become lethal

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5
Q

LD50

A

The amount of a compound required to kill half a population of experimental animals

Measured in amount of chemical per unit body weight

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6
Q

ED 50

A

Effective dose 50 percent

Therapeutic effect (a specific effect)

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7
Q

TD50

A

Toxic dose 50 percent

(A toxic effect)

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8
Q

Synergistic effects

A

Interactive impacts of toxins that are more than the simple sum of their constituent effects

(eg. 2+2=8)

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9
Q

Types of toxins

A

Carcinogens (eg smoking)

Mutagens (eg X ray)

Teratogens (Affects child development during pregnancy eg. alcohol)

Allergens (eg. dust/pollen)

Neurotoxins (affect neurology eg. mercury)

Endocrine Disruptors (eg. compounds in plastic)

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10
Q

Decreasing water pollution

A

Reduce agricultural runoff

Improve wastewater management systems

Stricter cooling regulations for power plants

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11
Q

Global distillation effect

A

Chemical pollution generally is carried from warmer to colder environments (towards poles or mountain tops)

Pollution in the west generally affects the east

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12
Q

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)

A

Organic compounds that are resistant to degradation/decomposition via biological chemicals, and light processes

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13
Q

POPs categories

A

Pesticides

Industrial chemicals

By-products

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14
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

Pollutants being built up in the tissue of an animals

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15
Q

Biomagnification

A

Increase in toxic build up from consuming animals with pollutant build up in the tissue

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16
Q

Bioaccumulation starts

A

At lower levels of the food chain

17
Q

Quantitative risk assessment

A

Evaluation of the risks associated with a hazard

1 The likelihood of encountering the hazard

2 The likely intensity of the hazard

3 The biological damage that is likely to result from the predicted exposure

18
Q

Environmental impact assessment

A

A study of the potential impacts of a project/activity on the environment

19
Q

The precautionary principle

A

The precautionary approach shall be widely applied to protect the environment

Where there are threats of irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degredation

20
Q

Long term tracking

A

Paleoecology

Inform conservation and restoration

Guide to future decision making about the environment

21
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

The present is the key to the past

22
Q

Analogy

A

Application of modern organismic features to ancient organisms

23
Q

Paleolimnological approach steps

A

Select study lake

Select coring site or retrieve sediment core

Section and date sediment core

Sub sample sediments and isolate indicator of interest

Collect indicator data

Analyze data

24
Q

The mesocosm approach

A

Chambers known as corrals (or mesocosms) isolate the environment and allow us to measure aspects in those chambers

25
Q

Environmental indicators from aquatic systems

A

Diatoms

Chrysophytes

Chironomids

26
Q

Environmental indicators from land

A

Pollen

Mineral Particles

Insect remains

27
Q

Environmental indicators from the atmosphere

A

Carbon particles from combustion

Fly ash from coal combustion

Metals and other pollutants from industry

28
Q

Collecting data from lakes steps

A

Take a core from the bottom of the lake

Section the core into thin slices

Interpret the core

29
Q

1 varve is equal to

A

1 year of sediment deposition

30
Q

Monitoring vs paleoecology

A

Monitoring is short term (can be up to centuries) while paleoecology is anything more

31
Q

Example of monitoring

A

Quantifying the amount of algae upstream and downstream from a pipe discharging water from a municipal waste treatment facility

32
Q

How to deal with bacteria and human waste

A

reroute it to less risk areas

33
Q

Whole ecosystem experimentation approach

Experimental lakes approach

A

Sectioning off different parts of the lakes to perform large scale tests

34
Q
A

bio 381 (21 decks)

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