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bio 381 > Lec 17 > Flashcards

Lec 17 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pest

A

An organism that damages crops that are valuable to humans

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2
Q

Weed

A

Any plant that competes with crops

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3
Q

The categorization of pests and weeds is

A

Subjective

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4
Q

Pesticide

A

A poison that targets pests

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5
Q

Herbicide

A

Poison that kills weeds

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6
Q

Insecticide

A

A poison that kills insects

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7
Q

Fungicides

A

A poison that kills fungi

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8
Q

Inorganic pesticides contain

A

Usually contain arsenic, copper, lead, or mercury

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9
Q

Inorganic pesticides are

A

Highly persistent in terrestrial environments

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10
Q

Organic pesticides are extracted from

A

Organisms like plants or fungi when naturally produced or they can be synthetically produced

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11
Q

Natural organic pesticides

A

Nicotine

Caffeine

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12
Q

Synthetic organic pesticides

A

Methylmercury, DDT, chlordane, glyphosate

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13
Q

Biological pesticides

A

A type of Biological control that uses other organisms to kill or remove pest organisms

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14
Q

Biological pesticides example

A

Bt-crops

Use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to kill insects

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15
Q

Pesticides

Human Health

A

Human health quality of life is increased thanks to some pesticides

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16
Q

5 diseases that can be controlled through pesticides

A

Malaria

Yellow fever

West Nile virus

Sleeping sickness

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17
Q

Most effective way to control disease from vector organisms

A

Remove the vectors

Most are spread from insects, use insecticides

Remove breeding grounds for vectors (eg. wetland for mosquitos)

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18
Q

Why do we use pesticides

Agriculture

A

Modern agriculture exists in part because of pesticides

Even with crops, NA loses 37% of all food and crop production from pests

19
Q

How commercial agriculture uses pesticides

A

Most pesticide use targets weeds (herbicide)

20
Q

Canola pesticide

A

99 percent of all canola is treated with herbicides to reduce weeds

21
Q

Roundup ready crops

A

Genetically modified strains of crops that are resistant to glyphosate, used to kill a wide range of weeds

22
Q

Goods of roundup ready crops

A

Spray the field, kill the weeds, keep the crops

23
Q

Bad of roundup ready crops

A

Non-target toxicity, evolution of resistance by weeds, economic monopoly on seeds by Monsanto

24
Q

Roundup ready crops potential concerns and problems

A

Roundup Ready crops may crossbreed with weeds to produce glyphosate-resistant weeds

Roundup ready plant tissue may be toxic to other organisms in the surrounding ecosystem

Economic monopoly on these crops by a single company: Monsanto

25
Q

Environmental impacts of pesticides

Non-target organism impacts

A

Pesticides often kill organisms other than the target

26
Q

Organochlorines

A

Bioaccumulation and biomagnification from producers to fourth level consumers

27
Q

Direct impacts of pesticides on organisms

A

Physical harm or death

28
Q

Indirect impacts of pesticides on organisms

A

Affecting the quality of eggs

29
Q

Evolution of resistance

A

Pests eating plants

Pesticide application

Resistant individuals individuals survive

Pests of next generation survive application

Pesticide application

Resistant individuals continue to reproduce

30
Q

Evolutionary solution to pesticide adaptation

A

Refugia

31
Q

Refugia

A

Separating resistant and non-resistant parasites and only applying pesticide treatments to the resistant group so that the resistance does not spread

32
Q

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

A

The use of multiple techniques to achieve long-term suppression of pests

33
Q

IPM includes

A

Bio-controls (biological controls)

Pest-resistant crops

Habitat alteration

Better pest monitoring

Strategic use of pesticides

34
Q

Bio-controls

A

Using organisms to eliminate pests

35
Q

Bio controls

Predators

A

Ladybugs to control aphids

36
Q

Bio controls

Parasites

A

Parasitoid wasps to control many pest insects

37
Q

Pathogens

Bio-controls

A

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease to control rabbits in Australia and New Zealand

38
Q

Habitat alteration includes

A

Removing or altering the habitat of the pest

39
Q

Strategic use of pesticides

A

Use as a method of last resort

Try to use botanically-derived compounds

40
Q

Malaria symptoms

A

Headache

Fatigue

Pain

Back pain

Chills

Sweating

Dry cough

Spleen enlargement

Nausea

Vomiting

41
Q

Problem with anti-malarial medication

A

Mosquitoes are evolving

42
Q

Mosquitoes evolution

A

Anti-malarial medication resistance is increasing

Insecticide resistance is increasing

Climate change is increasing mosquito habitat

43
Q

Possible solution o mosquito evolution

A

Bring back DDT

44
Q

IPM method approach to malaria

A

Use multiple pesticides, with multiple modes of action

Use other IPM methods, all combined

bio 381 (21 decks)

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