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bio 381 > Lec 22 > Flashcards

Lec 22 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Total plastic waste in 2015

A

448 million tons

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2
Q

Plastics

A

Polymers made by long linking chains of monomers

Very strong chains and difficult to dispose of

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3
Q

Carbon emissions vs plastic production

A

Plastic production is catching up

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4
Q

Plastic cycle

A

The continuous and complex movement of plastic materials between different abiotic and biotic ecosystem compartments, including humans

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5
Q

Global production, use and fate of plastics

A

Primary production

in-use stocks (primary)

Recycled( Secondary)

Discarded or incinerated

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6
Q

Plastic mostly comes from

A

Packaging

Consumer items

Construction

Automotives

Electrical

Agriculture

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7
Q

Largest plastic production

A

China

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8
Q

Effects on wildlife

A

Increased levels of plastic ingestion

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9
Q

Greater shearwater and plastic

A

Starvation due to gastrointestinal obstruction

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10
Q

Bigeye tuna plastic

A

Ingestion of plastic fragments

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11
Q

Fur seal and plastic

A

Bioaccumulation of particulate plastic from prey fish

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12
Q

Australia sea lion plastic

A

Entanglement- caused mortality

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13
Q

Mussel

plastic

A

Accumulation of microplastics in circulatory system

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14
Q

Plastic effects on us over time

A

Has been linked to infertility, inflammation and cancer, but health outcomes are unknown

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15
Q

Pathways of microplastic pollution at different levels of organization

subcellular

A

Oxidative damage

Altered gene expression

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16
Q

Pathways of microplastic pollution at different levels of organization

cellular

A

Elevated antioxidant responses

Altered cellular division

Apoptosis

Stress response

Altered fatty acid metabolism

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17
Q

Pathways of microplastic pollution at different levels of organization

Individuals

A

Altered feeding

Increased metabolic demand

Reallocation of energy reserves

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18
Q

Pathways of microplastic pollution at different levels of organization

Population

A

Reduced growth

Decreased reproductive output

Reduced offspring viability

Population decline

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19
Q

Uptake and possible trophic transfer of plastic pollution in marine food webs

nanoplastics

A

affects bacteria, plankton, larvae, sediment and all other higher trophic levels

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20
Q

Uptake and possible trophic transfer of plastic pollution in marine food webs

Microplastics

A

Plankton, larvae, fish, seabirds and all higher trophic levels

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21
Q

Uptake and possible trophic transfer of plastic pollution in marine food webs

Mesoplastics

A

Fish, seabirds, turtles, marine mammals and higher trophic levels

22
Q

Uptake and possible trophic transfer of plastic pollution in marine food webs

Macroplastics

A

Marine mammals, turtles and top predators

23
Q

We must consider the plastic cycle like

A

Any other biogeochemical cycle

24
Q

Nanoparticle

A

A particle smaller than one micrometer in diameter across their widest dimension

25
Q

Microparticle

A

A particle between 1-5k micrometers in size

26
Q

Microplastics everywhere

A

high amounts have not only been found at sea or at beaches, but also in rivers and soils around the world.

27
Q

Sources and fate of micro- and nano plastics in the environment

A

Secondary sources (disposed plastics)

Primary sources (plastics from industrial application)

Microplastics release toxic additives

Microplastics are broken down into nanoplastics contamination and cause contamination of food chain

28
Q

Routes of plastic particles entry into human body

A

Ingestion of plastic particles

Inhalation of airborne plastic particles

Skin contact of plastic particles

29
Q

Plastic teabags

A

Release billions of microparticles and nanoparticles into tea

30
Q

Microbeads (=microparticles)

A

Usually made of polyethylene or can be made of other plastics or glass

They do not degrade

31
Q

Microbeads can be found in

A

Personal care applications

32
Q

Microbeads and wildlife

A

Easily ingested by filter feeders

Are not digested

Can pass undigested and up the food chain

If large enough can accumulate in the gut

33
Q

Microbeads are too small and lightweight to

A

Be removed by standard wastewater treatments

34
Q

Microplastics and wildlife fish

A

49/64 anchovies had microplastics

Mostly polyethylene and polypropylene

Most particles were broken from larger pieces

These are food species, meaning people ingest them

35
Q

Plastic can absorb toxins

A

Can absorb and bioaccumulate them

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Pyrene (hepatoxin) and Chrysene (Carcinogen)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs- endocrine disruptor)

36
Q

Plastic fibers

A

Similar issue to that of microbeads

Consumed by filter feeders, can move up food webs

Do not degrade

More diffuse source: clothing

37
Q

Degraded plastics

A

UV light can degrade it into smaller pieces

These pieces can sometimes aggregate, and potentially precipitate out

38
Q

Benthic organisms

A

Can influence the partitioning of microplastics between water columns and sediments

39
Q

Look for ingredients such as

A

Polyethylene (PE)

Polypropylene (PP)

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)

Nylon (PA)

40
Q

Buying merino wool

A

Has antimicrobial properties

Is also soft and lightweight

41
Q

Caring for your clothing

A

Use liquid detergent instead of powder

Wash cold instead of warm

Gentle cycle instead of heavy duty

Air dry instead of dryer

42
Q

Cooperation across sectors

Governance

A

Legislation

Regulation

Incentives

Education

43
Q

Cooperation across sectors

Producers

A

Burden of proof

Best practices

Investment

Better materials

44
Q

Cooperation across sectors

Consumers

A

Reduce reuse recycle

Responsible disposal

Awareness cleanup

45
Q

Cooperation across sectors

Research

A

Marine science

Health science

Environmental science

Citizen and social science

46
Q

Cooperation across sectors

Waste management

A

Integrated management

Litter capture and removal

Zero waste

Use as resource

47
Q

Accumulation of plastic during covid 19

A

PPEs required more plastic

Individual lockdowns also required more plastic

48
Q

Types of plastics that were in demand

Most to least

A

Packaging

Construction

Med and industry

Auto

Tech

Home

Agriculture

49
Q

Plastic based biochemical wastes

A

Syringes

Surgical masks

Disposal blades

Face shields

Latex gloves

Surgical and isolation gowns

Shoes covers

Sanitizer containers

Waterproof aprons

50
Q

Plastic Covid 19

Waste dumps

A

Caused an excessive load on waste dumps, and landfills, overwhelming their capacity

Lead to tremendous space constraints and leaching of harmful chemicals

Uncapped collection and transportation of virus infected wastes over such a long distance is dangerous for public health

51
Q

3Rs is

A

Not working properly

52
Q

Improving reuse and recycle

A

Chemical recycling and mechanical recycling to create fuels, road construction materials and cement bricks

bio 381 (21 decks)

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