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bio 381 > Lec 2 > Flashcards

Lec 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Geologic time scale includes

A

Eons
Eras
Periods
Epochs
Ages(or series)

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2
Q

Eons (2)

A

Phanerozoic

Precambrian

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3
Q

Eras (3)

A

Cenozoic

Mesozoic

Paleozoic

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4
Q

Periods (4)

A

Quaternary (current)

Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic

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5
Q

Epochs (3)

A

Holocene
Pleistocene (ice age)

Paleocene

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6
Q

Epochs are divided into units called

A

Ages

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7
Q

Anthropocene

A

New epoch that we may have entered from the 18th century when global concentrations of CO2 and methane increased (Crutzen and Stoermer 2000)

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8
Q

Clear evidence that the Earth is beyond the Holocene epoch and now in the Anthropocene

A

Beyond the mid 20th century, there is very clear evidence for fundamental shifts in the state and functioning of the Earth beyond the limits of the Holocene.

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9
Q

Earth system and socio-economic trends show

A

Drastic increases in many factors in the mid 20th century

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10
Q

Evidence of change of epoch

A

Human population growth

Urbanization

Fossil fuel consumption

Biogeochemical changes(Carbon/nitrogen cycles)

Damage to the ozone layer

Coastal wetland loss

Fisheries collapse

Production of anthropogenic materials

Radiations

Mass extinctions

Climate change

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11
Q

Animal growth rate vs world population since 1970

A

Animal growth rate has decreased but overall world population is increasing drastically (due to human growth)

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12
Q

The greenhouse gases

A

CO2
Water vapor
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Ozone
Chlorofluorocarbons

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13
Q

Biogeochemical changes

A

Anthropogenic imbalance of the C cycle is superseded by that of the global N cycle

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14
Q

Biogeochemical changes- Nitrogen

A

Great amounts of nitrogen increase

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15
Q

Fossil fuel emissions release what types of stable isotopes for nitrogen

A

N-14

N-15 (greatly increasing)

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16
Q

Haber-Bosch Process

A

Artificial N fixation

Combines N gas and H gas using metal catalyst under high heat and pressure to form NH3, which is used as fertilizer

17
Q

Forested wetland losses in coastal watersheds are attributed to

A

Upland land use

18
Q

Fisheries collapsing

A

Large drop in fishery production from 1980

19
Q

Production of anthropogenic materials

A

Great increase in aluminum, concrete, and plastics

Small increase in synthetic fibers

20
Q

Radiation changes

A

Anthropocene can be from 1951 when plutonium was first found in soil after atomic weapons testing

21
Q

Mass extinctions

A

Anthropocene could have started after 1950 when great mass extinctions were occurring

We are likely in a new mass extinction

22
Q

How do we define the Anthropocene

A

Large change in geological conditions because of humans

Must be scientifically justified and a useful term

Can’t agree on a global stratigraphic marker for the beginning of the Anthropocene (spatially and temporally different opinions)

All agree that change is occurring, simply unsure how to categorize them

23
Q

3 options for a formal stratigraphic definition in the GTS

A

The Anthropocene is a new epoch after the Holocene

Anthropocene is a new Epoch, replacing the Holocene

Anthropocene as a new Age/Stage within the Holocene Epoch

24
Q

Proposed start dates

A

Ranges from 50k years ago to 1950

25
Q

Proposed formal definition from 2017

A

About 1945 from the plutonium fallout

26
Q

Recent alternative to the Anthropocene event (Gibbard et al. 2022)

A

Anthropocene as an ongoing Event, not an epoch

27
Q

Geological events

A

Major transformative episode in Earth history that varied spatially and temporally

28
Q

Anthropocene as an ongoing Event can be compared to

A

Great Oxidation Event in the Paleoproterozoic (2.3-2.0 Ga)

Forestation of continents in the Middle-Late Devonian (390-360 Ma)

bio 381 (21 decks)

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