lec 3 Flashcards
when does the pronephros appear
beginning of 4th week
are the pronephros functionally
they are rudimentary and non functional
when do the pronephros disappear
by the end of 4th week
pronephros are made of ——– cells , in the ———- region , they open into the ———–
7-12 cells
cervical region
cloaca
mesonephros appear in ———- week , derived from ————– from ——– regions
late in 4th week
intermediate mesoderm
upper thoracic to upper lumber (L3)
are mesonephros functional ?
yes for short time during early fetal life until permanent kidneys develop
the mesonephric ducts originally are
pronephric ducts
when does mesonephroi degenerate
1st trimester
in male , mesonephric TUBULES become –>
efferent ductules of testes
metanephros begin to develop ? and function at ?
early in 5th week
9th week
metanephric diverticulum is an outgrowth from ————– it primordium of —————–
mesonephric duct near cloaca
ureter + renal pelvis + minor and major calices + collecting tubules
metanephric mass is derived from ———— it is a primodium of ————-
nephrogenic cord
nephrones
the stalk of the diverticulum form ———-
the cranial part of the diverticulum becomes ———–
ureter
renal pelvis which splits to form major calyces
major calyx subdivides repeatedly forming ——– generations first —— generation form –>
and the remaining form —>
12 or more
four , coalesce to form the minor calyces
collecting tubules
the metanephric vesicle formation is induced by ?
The end of each newly formed tubule induces clusters of mesenchymal cells in metanephric mass to form a small metanephric vesicle
the metanephric vesicle forms
proximal convoluted tubule, Henle’s loop, and distal convoluted tubule
Kidneys attend their adult position by ————- week of embryonic life
9th week
As kidneys ascend from pelvis into abdominal
cavity, they change their blood supply from ——– –> ———– …
common iliac –> distal end of aorta –> aorta
At 9th week they come into contact with suprarenal gland and receive permanent renal arteries from aorta
Rosette or “cake” kidney result from early fusion of
two metanephric diverticulum
Horseshoe kidney Results when
the ends of both kidneys fuse as they develop
at which level does the horseshoe kidney lies? and why?
It lies usually at level of lower lumbar vertebrae because its ascending is prevented by root of the inferior mesenteric artery
polycystic kidney is the result of ?
from failure of union between the developing convoluted tubules and collecting tubules
Supernumerary kidney Probably results from
formation of a two metanephric diverticulum
double pelvis is caused by
premature division of metanephric diverticulum
Double pelvis is usually associated with
bifid ureter
ectopic ureter opens in
male –>
female –>
In males usually opens into the neck of bladder or into the prostatic urethra; but it may enter the vas deferens, prostatic utricle or seminal vesicle
In female, an ectopic ureter may open into neck of the bladder, urethra, vagina or vestibule.
which part of the urogenital sinus forms the
bladder –>
urethra (male/female) –>
cranial vesical part
Middle pelvic part: Forms entire female urethra, and in male, prostatic urethra only
genital tubercle, which is primoridium of
penis (male), and clitoris (female)
trigone region is derived from ? which contribute to the formation of which type of tissue in it?
caudal ends of the mesonephric ducts
These ducts contribute to formation of connective tissue in trigone of the bladder
the epithelium of entire bladder is derived from
from endoderm of the vesical part of urogenital sinus
The other layers of the wall of bladder (except trigone region) are derived from
the adjacent splanchnic mesenchyme.
the allantois develops to –> ———— –> ————
urachus —> median umbilical ligament
The epithelium of entire female urethra and most of male urethra —>
distal part of urethra in glans penis->
is derived from ?
endoderm of urogenital sinus
derived from a solid cord of ectodermal cells called ectodermal cord
It is most common congenital anomaly affecting male urethra ? and the most common form ?
Hypospadias , glandular
where does The external meatus lies in
hypospadias ->
epispadias ->
lies on ventral surface of penis, between glans penis and perineum
on dorsal surface of penis, between glans penis and anterior abdominal wall
the causes of
Extrophy of Bladder (Ectopic vesicae) –>
Epispadias–>
Hypospadias–>
failure in migration of embryonic mesenchyme into region between umbilicus and genital tubercle
failure of embryonic mesenchyme to develop in lower part of anterior abdominal wall.
Failure of genital folds to unite
Glandular + coronal -> failure of solid cord of ectodermal cells to grow from tip of glans penis to meet spongy urethra
what is visible on a standard anteroposterior radiograph of the kidney
Kidneys are usually visible (the perirenal fat surrounding the fibrous capsule of the kidney produces a transradiant line)
Renal calyces, renal pelvis, and ureter are not normally visible on a standard radiograph
how could we see the ureters , bladder , calyces …… by X-ray ?
The lumen can be demonstrated by the use of radiopaque iodine–containing compound in intravenous pyelography or retrograde pyelography
The ureters are seen superimposed on what when we use intravenous pyelography ?
on the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
the ureters path seen with pyelography is
The ureters are seen superimposed on the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
They cross sacroiliac joint and enter pelvis.
At ischial spines, the two ureters turn forwards and slightly medially to enter bladder
in retrograde pyelography Each minor calyx has ———— appearance caused ——————–.
a cup-shaped
by the renal papilla projecting into it
