LEC 18: Acids, bases, salts Flashcards
any substance that in water solution tastes sour
acid
____ changes blue litmus paper to red
acid
acid react with some metals to ____ hydrogen
liberate
acid reacts with bases to form _____
salts
acids react with metals (zinc and magnesium) to produce _____
hydrogen gas
acids react with hydroxide bases to produce ____ and an ______
- water
- ionic compound (salt)
acids react with carbonates to produce _____
carbon dioxide
pH level of milk
6
pH level of vinegar
2-3 pH
pH level of coffee
5
pH level of coke
2.6 - 2.7
adding milk in coffee _____ the acidity of the solution
- lessens
component of coca-cola and other sodas where carbon dioxide dissolves in water to yield two molecules of _______
carbonic acid
solution that has an excess OH- ions
base
another word for base
alkali
bases are substances that accept _____
hydrogen ions
properties of base
- bitter or caustic taste
- slippery, soapy feeling
- ability to change litmus red to blue
- ability to interact with acids
pH level of natural soaps
8 - 10
pH level ofshampoos
3.5 to 9
pH level of toothpaste
7 - 10
swedish scientist who lived from 1859 to 1927
Svante Arrhenius
in 1884, Svante Arrhenius advanced a theory of ______
acids and bases
contains an excess of H+ ions
Arrhenius acid solution
contains an excess of OH- ions
Arrhenius base solution
contains an excess of OH- ions
Arrhenius base solution
Danish chemist
J.N. Bronsted
English chemist
T.M Lowry
Bronsted and lowry advanced their theory of _________
acids and bases
proton (H+) donor
bronsted-lowry acid
proton (H+) acceptor
bronted-lowry base
developed a more comprehensive theory of acids and bases in 1923
G.N. Lewis
deals with the way in which a substance with an unshared pair of electrons reacts in an acid-base type of reaction
lewis theory
electron pair acceptor
lewis acid
electron pair donor
lewis base
reaction of an acid with a base
neutralization reaction
can be considered compounds derived from acids and bases
salts
salts consists of ____ metal or ____ ions combined with nonmetal ions
- positive
- ammonium
salts are usually ___ and have high ____
- crystalline
- boiling and melting points
substance that conducts electric current as a result of a dissociation into positively and negatively charged particles called ions
electrolytes
electrolytes are chemicals that conduct _____ when dissolved in water
electricity
functions of electrolytes
- regulate nerve and muscle function
- hydrate the body
- balance blood acidity and pressure
- help rebuild damaged tissue
electric tissues of the body
muscles and neurons
best way to maintain electrolyte balance in the body
healthy diet
main food sources of electrlytes
fruits and vegetables
classes of compounds that are electrolytes
- acids
- bases
- salts
- solutions of oxides that form an acid or a base
classes of compounds that are electrolytes
- acids
- bases
- salts
- solutions of oxides that form an acid or a base
electrolytes are capable of ____-
producing ions in a solution
used as insulators
nonelectrolytes
important ingredient in any kitchen pantry that is a nonelectrolyte
sugar
substances whose aqueous solutions do not conduct electricity
nonelectrolytes
nonelectrolytes are not capable of producing ____ in solution
ions
meaning of pH
potential of hydrogen
negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration
pH
pH =
-log[H+]
increasing acidity scale
0 to 6.9
increasing basicity scale
7.1 to 14
neutral scale of pH
7
atmospheric precipitation that is more acidic than usual
acid rain
cause of increase in acidity
natural or industrial sources
pH level of unpolluted rain because of carbonic acid formation in the atmosphere
5.6
process of acid rain formation
emission of ____ and ____ into the air
- nitrogen
- sulfur oxides
process of acid rain formation
from the burning of _____
fossil fuels
process of acid rain formation
chemical reactions between the ___ and water forming _____ and _____
- oxides
- sulfuric acid
- nitric acid
process of acid rain formation
___ or ___, which carries acid to the ground
- rain
- snow
effects of acid rain
freshwater plants and animals ____ significantly when the rain is acidic
decline
effects of acid rain
______ is leached from the soil into lakes and adversely affects fish gills
aluminum
effects of acid rain
the waxy protective coat on plants is ____ making them vulnerable to bacteria and fungal attack
dissolved
effects of acid rain
responsible for ____ and _____ damage to buildings, monuments, statues
- extensive
- continuing
effects of acid rain
reduces the ______ of paint and promotes the ______ of paper, leather, and cloth
- durability
- deterioration