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CHEM 201 > LEC 10: Biomolecules > Flashcards

LEC 10: Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

most important elements in living matter; elements of life

A

CHNOPS

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2
Q

elements of life composes ____ % of humans

A

97.9%

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3
Q

elements of life by body mass

A
  • carbon = 18%
  • hydrogen = 10%
  • oxygen = 65%
  • nitrogen = 3%
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4
Q

4 biomolecules

A
  • proteins
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • nucleic acids
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5
Q

polymeric substances composed of many amino acids linked together in a unique sequence

A

proteins

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6
Q

classifications of proteins

A
  • simple
  • conjugated
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7
Q

yield only amino acids when hydrolyzed

A

simple proteins

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8
Q

yield amino acids plus other products

A

conjugated proteins

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9
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

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10
Q

what do amino acids do

A
  • break down food
  • grow and repair body tissue
  • make hormones and brain chemicals
  • provide an energy source
  • maintain healthy skin, hair and nails
  • build muscle
  • boost your immune system
  • sustain a normal digestive system
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11
Q

amino acid is any molecule with at least one ____ and one _____

A
  • carboxyl group
  • amino group
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12
Q

amino acids that are required to maintain good health; cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied from dietary protein

A

essential amino acids

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13
Q

either complete or incomplete based on the presence or absence of the 10 essential amino acids

A

dietary protein

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14
Q

supplies all the essential amino acids

A

complete protein

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15
Q

deficient in one or more essential amino acids

A

incomplete protein

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16
Q

good sources of complete proteins

A

animal based foods

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17
Q

sources of incomplete proteins

A

plant based foods

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18
Q

macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

carbohydrates

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19
Q

carbohydrates are also known as ____

A

sugars

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20
Q

simplest form of carbohydrate

A

monosaccharide

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21
Q

monosaccharides

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
  • ribose
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22
Q

two chemically bounded monosaccharides

A

disaccharides

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23
Q

disaccharides:

A
  • sucrose
  • lactose
  • maltose
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24
Q

glucose + fructose =

A

sucrose

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25
Q

glucose + galactose =

A

lactose

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26
Q

two or more monosaccharides

A

polysaccharides

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27
Q

polysaccharides:

A
  • starch
  • glycogen
  • cellulose
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28
Q

most abundant organic chemical in the world

A

cellulose

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29
Q

2 simplest carbohydrates:

A
  • glyceraldehyde
  • dihydroxyacetone
30
Q

sweet colorless crystalline solid that is an intermediate compound in carbohydrate metabolism

A

glyceraldehyde

31
Q

primarily used as an ingredient in sunless tanning products

A

dihydroxyacetane

32
Q

4 major types of carbohydrates

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • oligosaccharides
  • polysaccharides
33
Q

glucose is known by either:

A
  • dextrose
  • grape sugar
  • blood sugar
34
Q

also known as levulose, sweetest common sugar

35
Q

covalent bond which links a carbohydrate molecule to another group

A

glycosidic bond

36
Q

glucose + glucose =

37
Q

carbohydrate with at least two but not more than six monosaccharide units linked together

A

oligosaccharides

38
Q

large molecule consisting of unbranched chains

39
Q

large molecule with branched chains

A

amylopectin

40
Q

even more complex polysaccharides and act as labels to help the immune system differentiate an animals own cells from invading bacteria

41
Q

part of connective tissue found in joints

A

glycosaminoglycans

42
Q

fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

43
Q

also known as fat tissues or fatty tissues

A

adipose tissue

44
Q

energy storing cells that contain large globules of fat

A

adipocytes

45
Q

simple lipid

A

triglyceride

46
Q

compound lipid

A

phospholipid

47
Q

steroid

A

cholesterol

48
Q

miscellaneous lipid

A

lipoprotein

49
Q

simple lipids include ____, ____, and ____

A
  • fats
  • oils
  • waxes
50
Q

triesther derivatives of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules

A

fats and oils

51
Q

from animals except fish oil; saturated

52
Q

from plants; unsaturated

53
Q

why do lipids aggregate in aqueous solutions?

A

to minimize their contact with water

54
Q

uncontrolled lipid aggregation can lead to

A

atherosclerosis

55
Q

metabolic disease in which there is a buildup of cholesterol-filled deposits called plaque on the inner walls of arteries

A

atherosclerosis

56
Q

unsaturated fatty acid of a type as a result of the hydrogenation process

57
Q

reaction that turns oil into soap

A

saponification

58
Q

four bases found in DNA

A
  • adenine
  • cytosine
  • guanine
  • thymine
59
Q

2 nucleic acids

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • ribonucleic acid (RNA)
60
Q

derivatives of nucleosides that contain one or more phosphate groups

A

nucleotides

61
Q

relative location of genes and DNA in a cell

A

cell - nucleus - chromosomes - DNA - genes

62
Q

“cell - nucleus - chromosomes - DNA - genes” meaning

A

genes are found in the DNA, which in turn is found in the chromosomes, and chromosomes are found in the nucleus of a cell

63
Q

formation of two daughter cells when a parent cell undergoes cell division

64
Q

splitting of a cell soo tat the number of chromosomes is reduced to half of the original amount;

prepares the way for sexual reproduction

65
Q

example of a cancer drug that causes an abortive DNA replication

A

gemcitabine

66
Q

drug that has a flat structure which allows it to slip between DNA bases and disrupt replication

67
Q

consist of a single polymeric strand of nucleotides instead of a double helix

68
Q

RNA contains the pyrimidine base _____ instead of thymine

69
Q

any gene that causes cancer

70
Q

programmed cell death

71
Q

caused by genetic or chromosomal changes

72
Q

agent that causes the mutation

CHEM 201 (20 decks)

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