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NURS 220 > LEC 11: Dementia > Flashcards

LEC 11: Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology of dementia?

A
  • Is a terminal disease
  • Caused by treatable and non-treatable conditions
  • Most often occurs on older adults
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2
Q

What is physiology of dementia of Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Changes the brain structure and function

  • Amyloid plaques
  • Neurofibrillary tangles
  • Loss of cholinergic neurons
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3
Q

What are the risk factors fro dementia?

A
  • Smoking
  • Cardiac
  • Dysrhythmias
  • Hypertension
  • Hypercholesterolemia
  • Diabetes
  • CAD
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4
Q

What are the risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • Genetic factors
  • Old age
  • CVD
  • Depression
  • Head injury
  • Lack of intellectual stimulation
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5
Q

What are the 10 warning signs of Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  1. Memory loss that affects day to day activities
  2. Difficulty performing familiar tasks
  3. Problems with language
  4. Disorientation in time and space
  5. Impaired judgment
  6. Problems with abstract thinking
  7. Misplacing things
  8. Changes in mood and behaviour
  9. Changes in personality
  10. Loss of initiative
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6
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • Progression is variable, ranges fro 3 to 20 years
  • Initial signs subtle detoriation in memory
  • Progressed to more profound memory loss
  • Easier to recognize when family members or individuals seek medical help
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7
Q

What are the early signs of Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • Memory loss that affects job skills
  • Difficulty performing familiar skills
  • Problems with language
  • Disorientation to time and palce
  • Poor judgment
  • Misplacing things
  • Changes in mood, behaviour, or personality
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8
Q

What are the middle or moderate signs/stage of Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • Increasing memory loss (including remote)
  • May start to not recognize family members
  • Difficulty with speech and written language
  • Challenges with ADLs
  • Require supervision for safety
  • Wandering
  • May become ompulsive
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9
Q

What are the middle or late signs/stage of Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • Significant loss of memory
  • Unable to communicate
  • Cannot perform ADLs
  • May be unresponsive
  • Eventual incontinence
  • Require total care
  • Refusing food a signal of the end-stage
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10
Q

How can you assess Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • Diagnosis of exclusion
  • Comprehensive patient evaluation (blood work, cognitive screening, asses for depression)
  • Brain imaging test not commonly used but can be (MRI, PET)
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11
Q

Why are brain imaging test usually not done?

A

Because plaques and tangles do not show up on brain imaging and tests are costly

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12
Q

What can testing of Alzheimer’s disease accomplish?

A

Testing can help document degree of cognitive impairment

- Monitoring in early stages and tx response

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13
Q

What is the only sure way to tell if someone has Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Only an autopsy can determine a definitive diagnosis

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14
Q

What is the goal for Alzheimer’s disease treatment?

A

Collaborative management aimed at:

  • Slowing the decline of cognitive impairment
  • Maxamizing quality of life
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15
Q

What is the drug therapy used in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

a. Cognition
- Doneprezil, memantine

b. Behaviour
- Risperidone, quetiapine

c. May use anti-depressant such as SSRIs

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16
Q

What are non-pharmacological approaches to help treatment of Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  • Moderate exercise
  • Music
  • Pet therapy
  • Light therapy
  • Creativity
17
Q

What are the main things to assess in the nursing care plan?

A
  • Patient
  • Family caregiver
  • Environment (huge effect)
18
Q

What is the nursing diagnosis aimed at?

A
  • Impaired memory
  • Self care deficit
  • Risk for injury etc.
19
Q

What are the key interventions?

A
  1. Include family
    - They know the patient best
  2. Offer cues
  3. Convey respect to patient and family
  4. Ensure safety
20
Q

What do you want to ensure in the care plan for a patient with Alzheimer’s disease?

A
  1. Always patient centered care plan
  2. Maintain their independence as much as possible
  3. Enable them to move around as much as possible
  4. Stay on top of personal care needs, anticipate when they will be hungry or tiered etc.
  5. Maintain their dignity***
  6. Enable stress reducing environments
21
Q

What are the goals for a family caregiver?

A
  1. Support caregiver
    - They must care for themselves too
  2. Maintain personal, emotional, and physical health
  3. Cope with long term effects associated with caregiving

NURS 220 (41 decks)

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