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Soc 225 > Lec 11 > Flashcards

Lec 11 Flashcards

1
Q

White collar crimes

A

A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation

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2
Q

Influence of Edwin Sutherland’s work

A

Criminologists and criminal justice system overemphasis on street crime

Emphasized the role of class position in understanding white collar crime

Posited that if the acts are socially injurious (they should be defined as crime

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3
Q

Two types of white collar crime

A

Occupational crime

Organizational crime (aka corporate crime)

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4
Q

Occupational crime

A

White collar crime committed by an individual or group of individuals exclusively for personal gain

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5
Q

Organizational crime

A

Crimes committed with the support and encouragement of a formal organization and intended in part to advance the goals of that organization

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6
Q

Crimes against the public

A

Corporate and business crime

Crimes by individual and professional practitioners

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7
Q

Crimes within organizations

A

Offences against the organization

Offences against the employees

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8
Q

The financial costs of white collar crime

A

Far exceed that of street crime
-Formal organization allows for crime of great magnitude rather than a person working alone

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9
Q

White collar crime causing death/injury

A

An average of more than two deaths a day occur as a result of workplace injuries

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10
Q

Why are white collar fatalities not always considered as crime

A

Most offenses are not dealt with under criminal law and penalties may be light

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11
Q

5 categories of violent crime

A

Assault

Criminal harassment

Homicide

Robbery

Sexual assault

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12
Q

Cost of violent street crimes

A

12.8 billion dollars

Mostly female victims and victims paid most

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13
Q

2009 bankruptcy of Canada’s Nortel loss and cause

A

300 billion dollars (caused by executive fraud and malpractice)

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14
Q

Street vs corporate crimes in the US

A

16k homicide victims

56k die on job

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15
Q

Correlation between WCC and social class

A

Positive correlation

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16
Q

Shover and Hochstetler three components of middle/upper class lifestyle that contribute to criminal behavior

A

Competitive spirit (winning is the only thing)
Arrogance (rules do not apply to them)
Sense of entitlement (they deserve what they stole)

17
Q

What sociological factors enable WCC (8)

A

Law focuses on street crimes

WCC effects are often indirect

Public and political leaders are preoccupied with violent crimes

Suspects are well-resourced and highly placed; tough to prosecute

Middle and upper class bias in criminal justice system

Conventional elements of crime are missing, therefore it is more difficult to establish that a crime is committed

Public sees WCC as moral failures rather than criminality

Some industries force people to produce a level of profit not achieved legally

18
Q

Canada’s Nortel (3)

A

In 2000, Nortel was the most valuable company in Canada

Financial statements overstated revenues, so company looked profitable

Shares dropped from 124 to 1 dollar and investors lost 300 billion

19
Q

America’s Accounting Scandals-Enron (4)

A

Enron was the 7th largest US company, involved in trading gas and electricity

Used illegal accounting methods to make it appear profits were increasing

Culture of greed

Investors lost 63 billion

20
Q

Why did Arthur Anderson’s accounting firm ignore violation of Enron

A

It wanted Enron consulting contracts

21
Q

CIBC and Enron

A

CIBC paid 2.4 billion in 2005 because they helped Enron hide losses

22
Q

2007 incidents of unsafe Chinese products (3)

A

Contaminated pet food

Counterfeit Colgate Toothpaste

Unsafe Children toys

23
Q

Blue collar crime is also called

A

Occupational crime

24
Q

How do tradespeople avoid sales tax

A

Doing work “off the books”

25
Q

Which blue-collar business has a lot of fraud

A

Auto repair buisness

26
Q

Fraud in blue-collar occupations blurs the line between

A

Organizational and occupational crimes

27
Q

Tax fraud (4)

A

Not all people report income honestly

Trillions are hidden in tax-haven countries by corporation and wealthy individuals

Many people work at jobs that enable them to hide income

Others exaggerate deductions to lower revenue

28
Q

Contractors paid in cash are a part of

A

36 billion dollars underground economy in Canada

29
Q

Rationale for avoiding taxes

A

They are too high

30
Q

Employee fraud encompasses

A

Crimes committed against employers by employees

31
Q

Examples of employee fraud

A

Taking Kickbacks from suppliers
Creating phony invoices
Stealing company property and cash

32
Q

Losses from internal theft total almost as much as losses from

A

Shoplifting

33
Q

New technology and changes in financial practices have made corporations more vulnerable to actions of

A

Individual employees

34
Q

Why are owners of corporations not personally responsible for many types of corporate misconduct

A

Corporations have limited liability

35
Q

Why is it difficult to sanction white collar crimes

A

Damage judgements of financial penalties have limited impact on managers

Cannot treat organization as juristic person

36
Q

Sentences for white collar crimes in Canada

A

Tend to be light

37
Q

Many harms committed by high status or corporate offenders

A

Are not criminal offences

38
Q

Legislation such as anti-combines legislaton

A

Has limited impact because business has an influence on how the law is written and enforced

39
Q

Conviction record has been abysmal due to (3)

A

Large corps can have best experts and lawyers

Crops use delaying obstructing methods

Governments do not want to punish because of negative impact on jobs and economy

Soc 225 (11 decks)

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