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IDT Fall > Lec 1: CNS > Flashcards

Lec 1: CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS consist of?
What are it’s responsibilities?

A

Brain & spinal cord
managing sensory data and motor commands

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2
Q

What is the role of visceral sensory receptors?

A

monitor internal organs

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3
Q

What is the role of somatic sensory receptors?

A

provide position, touch, pressure, pain, and temperature sensations

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4
Q

What is the role of special sensory receptors?

A

provide sensations of smell, taste, vision, balance, and hearing

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5
Q

what does the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) do?

A

brings information to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs

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6
Q

Define the peripheral nervous system

A

all neural tissue outside the CNS

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7
Q

what does the somatic nervous system (SNS) control?

A

skeletal muscle contractions

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8
Q

what clear, colorless substance surrounds the brain?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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9
Q

what is the function of CSF?

A

acts as a cushion and acts as the brain’s lymphatic system

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10
Q

how do immune cells enter CSF?

A

the Choroid Plexus

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11
Q

where does the CSF reside?

A

in the subarachnoid space

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12
Q

Underneath the skull, we have 3 layers of the brain, list them in order of going further into brain (DAP)

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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13
Q

what procedure can be performed if there is a suspected dysfunction in the CSF?

A

lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

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14
Q

where on the spine do we inject the needle to collect CSF?

A

between L3 and L4 from the thecal sac

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15
Q

what are the functions of the forebrain? what is it associated with?

A

it is associated with the highest level intellectual functions such as thinking, planning, problem solving, and speech

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16
Q

T/F not every person has the corpus callosum

A

True

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17
Q

what is the largest part of the brain called?

A

Cerebrum

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18
Q

what is the outer layer of the cerebrum called?

A

cerebral cortex

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19
Q

the cerebral cortex is divided into four sections, what are they? (FPOT)

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe

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20
Q

what are the main function(s) of the frontal lobe? (DAPPy duck)

A

attention, planning, decision-making, personality

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21
Q

what are the main function(s) of the parietal lobe?

A

Integrates information from the senses (speech, taste, reading…)

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22
Q

what are the main function(s) of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

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23
Q

what are the main function(s) of the temporal lobe? (ELM St)

A

Emotion, language, memory from smell and hearing

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24
Q

what does the Amygdala do?

A

governs emotions, self preservation

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25
Q

what does hippocampal formation do?

A

forms new memories

26
Q

what two structures make up the diencephalon?

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

27
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

acts as a relay station for almost all sensory information coming from the periphery to the brain, regulates higher brain centers

28
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

main region for internal regulatory systems, stress reactions, emotion and motivation

29
Q

the hypothalamus receives information from the __________ and regulates:

A

autonomic nervous system
body temp, sleep, circadian and sexual cycles

30
Q

the hypothalamus sends hormonal signals to the rest of the body via?

A

the pituitary gland

31
Q

describe the function of the midbrain

A

coordinates visual and auditory input from sense organs (such as eye movements, blinking, triggers startle reflex to sounds), helps control unwanted movements

32
Q

what three structures comprise the hindbrain?

A

medulla, pons, and hindbrain

33
Q

what does the medulla do?

A

controls heart rate, respiration and blood pressure, and swallowing

34
Q

what does the pons do?

A

co-ordinates breathing and posture, receives info and decides where to send it
controls sleep, awakening cycles, and dream impulses

35
Q

what does the hindbrain do?

A

controls body temp, simple reflexes (like coughing and sneezing) and digestion

36
Q

what is the second largest part of the brain called?

A

the cerebellum

37
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

-coordinates and integrates voluntary movement, posture, balance resulting in fluid motion
-spatial and temporal perception, adaptation to unexpected things
-disturbances: balance, speech, motor coordination, fine motor coordination

38
Q

what is the role of the spinal cord?

A

receive sensory info from, and sends motor info to body

39
Q

role of nociceptors

A

detect pain

40
Q

role of mecanoreceptors

A

detect pressure, touch, movement, vibration, tension

41
Q

role of proprioceptors

A

“receptors for self”, continuous info about body position and limbs in space

42
Q

which specialized receptor is a major site for opioid receptors?

A

nociceptors

43
Q

entry into the brain is inhibited by two barriers, what are they?

A

-physical barrier composed of endothelial cells with tight junctions
-active efflux pumps in endothelial cells, known as ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters

44
Q

the paracellular aqueous pathway for entry into brain transports?

A

water-soluble agents through tight junctions

45
Q

the transcellular lipophilic pathway for entry into brain transports?

A

lipid-soluble agents through endothelium

46
Q

transport protein entry into brain transports?

A

glucose, amino acids, nucleosides through endotheluim

47
Q

the receptor-mediated transcytosis for entry into brain transports?

A

insulin, transferrin through endothelium

48
Q

the adsorptive transcytosis for entry into brain transports?

A

albumin and other plasma proteins through endothelium

49
Q

glia are support cells for neurons, what are the four main types?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia (immune cell), and ependymal cells (epithelial cells that line ventricles)

50
Q

T/F both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes help form the BBB

A

False, only astrocytes

51
Q

what is an important function of oligodendrocytes within the CNS in regards to axons?

A

they wrap myelin sheaths around axons

52
Q

where doe neurons communicate with each other?

A

at synapses

53
Q

some neurotransmitters (NTs) are excitatory (+) and bind at synapses on postsynaptic cells, what is their function?

A

to create an action potential

54
Q

what role do myelin sheaths play that surround axons?

A

they increase the speed of transmission of action potentials

55
Q

what voltage is considered “at rest” in the axon?

A

-70 mV

56
Q

what voltage is considered the threshold at which an action potential is triggered?

A

-55 mV

57
Q

Explain step-by-step the occurrence of an action potential

A
  1. A stimulus triggers an increased voltage
  2. Depolarization occurs once the threshold is reached causing Na+ ions to flow into axon
  3. Repolarization occurs causing K+ ions to flow out of axon
  4. Hyperpolarization occurs to increase the voltage back to resting state
58
Q

explain the divergent pathway of neurons (diversify)

A

one presynaptic neuron branches to affect a larger number of postsynaptic neurons

59
Q

explain the convergent pathway of neurons (simplify)

A

many presynaptic neurons converge to influence a small number of postsynaptic neurons

60
Q

what is usually required to trigger an action potential?

A

1000s of synapses

61
Q

what do inhibitory postsynaptic potentials do?

A

decrease the likelihood or prevent an excitatory postsynaptic potential from reaching threshold

IDT Fall (29 decks)

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