Learning theories

Question 1

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 1

Manipulation of behaviour towards a stimulus.

Question 2

Describe operant conditioning

Answer 2

Trial and error learning

Actions shaped and then reinforced

Question 3

What is complete reinforcement?

Answer 3

Reward given after every correct response. Learning is quicker.

Question 4

What is partial reinforcement?

Answer 4

Reward given only after a number of correct responses have been given. Learning takes longer but lasts longer.

Question 5

What is the negative to operant condition?

Answer 5

Desired behaviour may only occur because of reward rather than enjoyment.

Question 6

What are the stages of operant conditioning?

Answer 6

Stimulus presented by coach
Response through trial and error
Incorrect response - not rewarded
Alternative response to same stimulus
Correct response - positively reinforced strengthening S-R bond
Repetition of correct response until it becomes habitual

Question 7

What is an S-R bond?

Answer 7

Link between a stimulus and the response made to that stimulus

Question 8

What are the 2 types of reinforcement?

Answer 8

Positive

Negative

Question 9

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 9

After a successful response, the coach will give approval in the form of praise/a satisfier

Question 10

How will positive reinforcement ensure repetition?

Answer 10

Self esteem of the performer will have increased, so they will be motivated to repeat the desire action

Question 11

How can a coach use positive reinforcement?

Answer 11

Tangible/intangible rewards
Show results of the desired outcome
Make training fun
Educate performers of the effects of the desired outcome using role models

Question 12

What are the problems of positive reinforcement?

Answer 12

Too much praise/too many rewards lose the motivational effects
If praise if given to incorrect behaviour, then incorrect S-R bond will be formed

Question 13

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 13

Coach will give disapproval or annoyer when incorrect response is given

Question 14

What does negative reinforcement do?

Answer 14

Weakens an undesired S-R bond

Question 15

How will a coach use negative reinforcement?

Answer 15

Criticism
Withdraw praise or reward
Sometimes pain can act as an annoyer

Question 16

What the problems of negative reinforcement?

Answer 16

Demotivates cognitive performers
Reduces confidence levels
Frustration if reasons aren’t given

Question 17

When is the annoyer withdrawn?

Answer 17

When correct response is given

Question 18

What is punishment?

Answer 18

Presenting a noxious or unpleasant stimulus to break or weaken incorrect S-R bond

Question 19

How can you punish an individual?

Answer 19

Embarrassing them
Comparing them 
Penalties 
Sending players off
Fining

Question 20

What are the three Thorndike’s Laws?

Answer 20

Law of effect
Law of exercise
Law of readiness

Question 21

What is the law of effect?

Answer 21

Reinforcement will strengthen positive S-R bond and weaken negative S-R bond

Question 22

What is the law of exercise?

Answer 22

The S-R bond will strengthened by practice and repeating reinforcement

Question 23

What is the law of readiness?

Answer 23

If reinforcement is to strengthen the S-R bond the performer must be physically, mentally capable of performing the skill

Question 24

What are the three intervening variables?

Answer 24

Current knowledge
Past experiences
Perception

Question 25

What is cognitive learning theory?

Answer 25

Centred around thinking and understanding, this is called insight learning. We receive information from our current knowledge and work out what is happening and how to respond by using intervening variables

Question 26

What are the 5 stages of cognitive learning theory?

Answer 26

1 - Given a problem in the context of a realistic situation
2 - Learners consider problem as a whole
3 - Learners perceive their environment and use intelligence, current knowledge and past experience to find a solution
4 - Learners use intervening variables to help figure out an appropriate response
5 - Insight learning occurs through thinking about the problem as a whole and responding to it

Question 27

What are the 5 stages of observational learning theory?

Answer 27

1 - Demonstration 
2 - Attention 
3 - Retention 
4 - Motor reproduction
5 - Motivation

Question 28

Describe the attention stage of observational learning theory

Answer 28

The performer selectively attends to the important aspects of the demonstration

Question 29

Describe the retention stage of observational learning theory

Answer 29

The learner needs to remember the demonstration

Question 30

Describe the motor reproduction stage of observational learning theory

Answer 30

The learner must be physically and mentally capable of performing the skill or match the demonstration

Question 31

Describe the motivation stage of observational learning theory

Answer 31

The learner must have drive and want to learn the skill

Question 32

How can a coach ensure that the learner is attending to the important aspects of the demonstration?

Answer 32

Key points should be highlighted with verbal guidance to direct the learners attention
Demonstration should be given by the role model

Question 33

How can a coach ensure that the learner has remembered the important aspects of the demonstration?

Answer 33

Repetition of the demonstration

Use of catchphrases

Question 34

How can a coach ensure that the learner is able to match the demonstration?

Answer 34

Ensure that the learner is physically capable of performing the skill and mentally capable of understanding the skill

Question 35

How can a coach ensure that the learner is motivated to learn the skill?

Answer 35

Praise and positive reinforcement to encourage drive to copy the model