Learning theories 2 Flashcards
What is positive reinforcement
Positive reinforcement is when a pleasant stimulus is given after desired response occurred e,g coach praising footballer for making successful cross
What is punishment
Punishment is when stimulus is given to stop a response from occurring.
What is Complete reinforcement
Complete reinforcement is when reward is given in every occasion. This makes learning quicker.
What is partial reinforcement
Partial reinforcement is when reward is given after a number of responses. It takes longer to learn, but it lasts longer.
How does trial and error learning occur
1) coach sets out target area for performer to serve into
2) Performer attempts to repeatedly serve into target area (environment)
3) trial and error of serve occurs due to either successful or unsuccessful responses.
4) if correct response is made into target area, positive reinforcement is given, if incorrect response is given, punishment is given
5) target will be removed and more advance practices and game situation will be used
6) desired S-R bond is created
Law of exercise
Law of exercise states that a performer should practice to strengthen S-R bond. If desired response occurs, reinforcement is necessary. More times skill is practiced, the more likely response will be bonded to a stimulus.
Example of law of exercise
If gymnast practices a floor routine repeatedly, then S-R bonds are strengthened.
Law of effect
Law of effect is that response by a satisfier then, S-R bond is strengthened.
If response is followed by an ‘annoyer’, then S-R bond is weakened. Which means pleasant outcomes are likely to motivate performer to repeat action.
Example of law of effect
Example is a rugby player is attempting a spin pass and is successful, then the effect is successful, it will be more likely that player will perform skill again. If player is unsuccessful and effect is failure (too high), effect is avoided.
Law of readiness
Law of readiness states that a performer,just be physically and mentally capable of doing a task.
Example of law of readiness
If beginner swimmer is incapable of swimming a distance with good technique, coach may shorten distance.
How would a coach teach a performer according to cognitive learning theory
Coach teaches a performer according to cognitive learning theory by:
Whole practice elf badminton overhead clear in 1 go
Coach explains movement e.g performer understands why to do overhead clear
Problem solving e.g badminton player works out overhead clear is a good way to return serve
What is a negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement is when an unpleasant stimulus is removed when desired response occurs. E.g coach stops shouting instructions at player when they make a good cross
How does operant conditioning affect learning of motor skills
Operant conditioning affects learning of motor skills by:
Performer learns motor skill by association learning to link stimulus and response
e.g Badminton player learns to smash when they see shuttlecock high and near net
Correct behaviour is then reinforced e.g coach praises player for smash
This strengthens S-R bond e.g smash is more likely to be repeated next time stimulus is present
