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Learning theories Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order for observational learning to be a success?

A
  • Model
  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Motor reproduction
  • Motivation
  • Matching performance
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2
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning to associate an automatic behaviour with a stimulus.

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3
Q

What is an example of classical conditioning in sport?

A

Cricket example:
Unconditioned stimulus: Coach calls back lift when a bowler is near the end of their run up.
Conditioned stimulus: Coach tells player to notice where the bowler is when he makes the call.
Unconditioned response: Batter lifts his bat to prepare for the delivery.
Conditioned response: They can use their judgement of where the bowler is in the run up.

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4
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

It’s shaping behaviour by reinforcement. The sports person has a go at the sport (trial and error) and the correct effort is reinforced and the incorrect effort is negatively reinforced.
- the learner learns to associate certain consequences with a given behaviour which can alter the SR bond

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5
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A
  • Their favourable events or outcomes that are presented after the behaviour.
  • This is done by the teacher praising success and hence giving the sportsperson a feeling of well-being when success is achieved.
  • When an incorrect effort is achieved praise is withdrawn or not given.
  • The sportsperson learns to associate praise with the correct response so it strengthens the stimulus-response bond.
  • Sportsperson is learning by trial and error so incorrect responses will disappear as the sportsperson wants to feel good.
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6
Q

What is an example of positive reinforcement?

A

Badminton using hoops to get an over-head clear.
-If not correct teacher gives feedback but if correct they get praise.
(coach saying well-done).

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7
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A
  • It involves the removal of an unfavourable event or outcome after the display of a behaviour. (after a desired response occurs).
  • A response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant.
  • Strengthens stimulus-response bond.
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8
Q

What is an example of negative reinforcement ?

A

-At the end of a session you have to do a killer run but the coach says you have trained hard so you don’t have to do it.
- Coach stops shouting instructions to a player when they make a successful cross.

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9
Q

What is punishment reinforcement?

A
  • Causes some distress or discomfort to individual.
  • Weakens stimulus-response bond.
  • The intention is to stop displaying the behaviour that the coach doesn’t want them to display.
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10
Q

What is an example of punishment reinforcement?

A
  • Shouting at a player
  • Substiting a player
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11
Q

What is Thorndikes 3 laws of learning?

A
  • Law of exercise
  • Law of effect
  • Law of readiness
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12
Q

Law of exercise

A

The performer must practice the task regularly in favourable conditions. (this will strengthen the s-r connections).

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13
Q

Law of effect

A

The performer is more likely to repeat the task if their behaviour is followed by experience of satisfaction. (sr bond is strengthened)

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14
Q

Law of readiness

A

The performer is physically and mentally able to complete the task.

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15
Q

What is a stimulus-response bond?

A

It is where a performer learns to link a particular response to a particular stimulus.

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16
Q

What is an example of a stimulus-response bond?

A

The starter gun in swimming (stimulus) triggers the swimmers movement (response) from the blocks or poolside.

17
Q

How can the Stimulus-response bond be strengthened?

A

By applying Thorndikes Law of Learning

18
Q

What is an example of law of exercise?

A

The athlete has frequent attemps at the sprint start (this will strengthen the SR bond for the future).

19
Q

What is an example of law of effect?

A

The swimmer feels pride after doing 25m for the first time.

20
Q

What is an example of law of readiness?

A

A learner swimmer must want to and be physically capable of trying butterfly if she is to master the stroke.

21
Q

What are Fitts and Posners three stages of learning?

A
  • Cognitive
  • Associative
  • Autonomous
22
Q

Cognitive stage

A

-This is the beginning stage where the learner attemps to understand the overall concept by gaining info through their senses.
- The performer gains a mental image of how to perform the skill.
- performances are in consistent and successs isn’t regular
- they begin to attempt skill based on new mental model and their existing skills

23
Q

Associative stage

A

-This is often called the ‘trial and error’ stage and it is when a performer starts to form a motor programme.
- They begin to understand the relationship between the various actions required to perform the skill.

24
Q

Autonomous stage

A

-Stage is reached where performance of activity becomes automatic or habitual so there is no time wasted in thinking.
- Performances have become consistant and it’s stored in the long-term memory.

25
What coaching style is used in the cognitive stage of learning?
-The command style as it's good for beginners. - performers need full attention and cues from coach - Teacher must ensure they require the mental image through demonstrations, guidance and cues. - As it requires the performers full attention in order to have the basic knowledge of the skill. - augmented feedback and guidance would be effective to help you improve - because of it being so new it is important that coaches are careful to avoid information overload which would confuse the learner
26
What type of skills are used in the cognitive stage?
- Mainly closed and self-paced skills.
27
Characteristics of the cognitive stage?
- Learner needs to give performance full attention. - E.g. watching when dribbling a basketball. - Begins to attempt skill based on new mental model and their existing skills. - So there mainly closed and self-paced skills. - Learner makes many gross errors. - Learners in cognitive stage are not able to pay attention to outside stimuli. - Feedback must be given after the performance (terminal). (effective to help you improve). - Feedback must be clear, simple and limited. - learners still try to understand the demand of the task. - They put together a mental model of what is required (pre-practice stage). - Teacher must ensure they require the mental image through demonstrations, guidance and cues. - Performances are inconsistant and success isn't regular. - It's important that coaches are careful to avoid information overload which would confuse the learner.
28
What is an example of the cognitive stage?
- In a game of golf, where the beginner learns the correct grip on the club, where to stand and the correct way to move the club.
29
What coaching style is used in the associative stage of learning?
Reciprocal style as learners get more independant as they get responsibility and knowledge.
30
What type of skills are used in the associative stage?
-Skills tend to be more open and externally paced. - Tactics start to be introduced.
31
Characteristics of the associative stage?
- Pay attention to concurrent feedback (during performance). - Begin to use more detailed and complex cues. - Skills tend to become more open and externally paced. - Learner performs and practices the skill under a variety of situations. - An element of competition might be introduced. - Tactics start to be introduced. - It is a period of consolidation of correct or nearly correct movement responses. - Skilled actions get smoother, more accurate, better timed and efficient. - Stage of rapid improvment. - Learner begins to make use of intrinsic or kinaesthetic feedback. - They begin to compare the performance to the mental model.
32
What is an example of the associative stage?
- Swimmer working on perfercting their strokes, breathing techniques and turns to enhance their performance.
33
What coaching styles are used in the autonomous stages of learning?
- Discovery and problem-solving as performer can pay attention to increasingly complex tactical and situational consideration.
34
What type of skills are used in the autonomous stage?
- Open and externally paced skills. - Tactics and strategies.
35
Characteristics of the autonomous stage?
- Skill improvement continues but less rapid. - High levels of smoothness, efficiency, accuracy and performed without stress. - Tactics and strategies. - Less conscious attention to the performance of the skill as it becomes habitual. - Open and externally paced skills. - Performer analysing own performer and adjust own actions. - Performer can pay attention to increasingly complex tactical and situational considerations. - Problem solving/ discovery - Progress results from attention to fine details. - Skill improvement from self-evaluation, mental practice and self motivation. - No time wasted in thinking.
36
What is an example of the autonomous stage?
- A basketball dribbler who does not need to look at the ball.

Pe- Skill acquisition (15 decks)

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