Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pe- Skill acquisition > Learning theories > Flashcards

Learning theories Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order for observational learning to be a success?

A
  • Model
  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Motor reproduction
  • Motivation
  • Matching performance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning to associate an automatic behaviour with a stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an example of classical conditioning in sport?

A

Cricket example:
Unconditioned stimulus: Coach calls back lift when a bowler is near the end of their run up.
Conditioned stimulus: Coach tells player to notice where the bowler is when he makes the call.
Unconditioned response: Batter lifts his bat to prepare for the delivery.
Conditioned response: They can use their judgement of where the bowler is in the run up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

It’s shaping behaviour by reinforcement. The sports person has a go at the sport (trial and error) and the correct effort is reinforced and the incorrect effort is negatively reinforced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A
  • Their favourable events or outcomes that are presented after the behaviour.
  • This is done by the teacher praising success and hence giving the sportsperson a feeling of well-being when success is achieved.
  • When an incorrect effort is achieved praise is withdrawn or not given.
  • The sportsperson learns to associate praise with the correct response so it strengthens the stimulus-response bond.
  • Sportsperson is learning by trial and error so incorrect responses will disappear as the sportsperson wants to feel good.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is an example of positive reinforcement?

A

Badminton using hoops to get an over-head clear.
-If not correct teacher gives feedback but if correct they get praise.
(coach saying well-done).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is negative feedback?

A
  • It involves the removal of an unfavourable event or outcome after the display of a behaviour. (after a desired response occurs).
  • A response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant.
  • Strengthens stimulus-response bond.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an example of negative feedback?

A

-At the end of a session you have to do a killer run but the coach says you have trained hard so you don’t have to do it.
- Coach stops shouting instructions to a player when they make a successful cross.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is punishment reinforcement?

A
  • Causes some distress or discomfort to individual.
  • Weakens stimulus-response bond.
  • The intention is to stop displaying the behaviour that the coach doesn’t want them to display.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an example of punishment reinforcement?

A
  • Shouting at a player
  • Substiting a player
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Thorndikes 3 laws of learning?

A
  • Law of exercise
  • Law of effect
  • Law of readiness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Law of exercise

A

The performer must practice the task regularly in favourable conditions. (this will strengthen the s-r connections).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Law of effect

A

The performer is more likely to repeat the task if their behaviour is followed by experience of satisfaction. (sr bond is strengthened)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Law of readiness

A

The performer is physically and mentally able to complete the task.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a stimulus-response bond?

A

It is where a performer learns to link a particular response to a particular stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an example of a stimulus-response bond?

A

The starter gun in swimming (stimulus) triggers the swimmers movement (response) from the blocks or poolside.

17
Q

How can the Stimulus-response bond be strengthened?

A

By applying Thorndikes Law of Learning

18
Q

What is an example of law of exercise?

A

The athlete has frequent attemps at the sprint start (this will strengthen the SR bond for the future).

19
Q

What is an example of law of effect?

A

The swimmer feels pride after doing 25m for the first time.

20
Q

What is an example of law of readiness?

A

A learner swimmer must want to and be physically capable of trying butterfly if she is to master the stroke.

21
Q

What are Fitts and Posners three stages of learning?

A
  • Cognitive
  • Associative
  • Autonomous
22
Q

Cognitive stage

A

-This is the beginning stage where the learner attemps to understand the overall concept by gaining info through their senses.
- The performer gains a mental image of how to perform the skill.

23
Q

Associative stage

A

-This is often called the ‘trial and error’ stage and it is when a performer starts to form a motor programme.
- They begin to understand the relationship between the various actions required to perform the skill.

24
Q

Autonomous stage

A

-Stage is reached where performance of activity becomes automatic or habitual so there is no time wasted in thinking.
- Performances have become consistant and it’s stored in the long-term memory.

25
Q

What coaching style is used in the cognitive stage of learning?

A

-The command style as it’s good for beginners.
- Teacher must ensure they require the mental image through demonstrations, guidance and cues.
- As it requires the performers full attention in order to have the basic knowledge of the skill.

26
Q

What type of skills are used in the cognitive stage?

A
  • Mainly closed and self-paced skills.
27
Q

Characteristics of the cognitive stage?

A
  • Learner needs to give performance full attention.
  • E.g. watching when dribbling a basketball.
  • Begins to attempt skill based on new mental model and their existing skills.
  • So there mainly closed and self-paced skills.
  • Learner makes many gross errors.
  • Learners in cognitive stage are not able to pay attention to outside stimuli.
  • Feedback must be given after the performance (terminal). (effective to help you improve).
  • Feedback must be clear, simple and limited.
  • learners still try to understand the demand of the task.
  • They put together a mental model of what is required (pre-practice stage).
  • Teacher must ensure they require the mental image through demonstrations, guidance and cues.
  • Performances are inconsistant and success isn’t regular.
  • It’s important that coaches are careful to avoid information overload which would confuse the learner.
28
Q

What is an example of the cognitive stage?

A
  • In a game of golf, where the beginner learns the correct grip on the club, where to stand and the correct way to move the club.
29
Q

What coaching style is used in the associative stage of learning?

A

Reciprocal style as learners get more independant as they get responsibility and knowledge.

30
Q

What type of skills are used in the associative stage?

A

-Skills tend to be more open and externally paced.
- Tactics start to be introduced.

31
Q

Characteristics of the associative stage?

A
  • Pay attention to concurrent feedback (during performance).
  • Begin to use more detailed and complex cues.
  • Skills tend to become more open and externally paced.
  • Learner performs and practices the skill under a variety of situations.
  • An element of competition might be introduced.
  • Tactics start to be introduced.
  • It is a period of consolidation of correct or nearly correct movement responses.
  • Skilled actions get smoother, more accurate, better timed and efficient.
  • Stage of rapid improvment.
  • Learner begins to make use of intrinsic or kinaesthetic feedback.
  • They begin to compare the performance to the mental model.
32
Q

What is an example of the associative stage?

A
  • Swimmer working on perfercting their strokes, breathing techniques and turns to enhance their performance.
33
Q

What coaching styles are used in the autonomous stages of learning?

A
  • Discovery and problem-solving as performer can pay attention to increasingly complex tactical and situational consideration.
34
Q

What type of skills are used in the autonomous stage?

A
  • Open and externally paced skills.
  • Tactics and strategies.
35
Q

Characteristics of the autonomous stage?

A
  • Skill improvement continues but less rapid.
  • High levels of smoothness, efficiency, accuracy and performed without stress.
  • Tactics and strategies.
  • Less conscious attention to the performance of the skill as it becomes habitual.
  • Open and externally paced skills.
  • Performer analysing own performer and adjust own actions.
  • Performer can pay attention to increasingly complex tactical and situational considerations.
  • Problem solving/ discovery
  • Progress results from attention to fine details.
  • Skill improvement from self-evaluation, mental practice and self motivation.
  • No time wasted in thinking.
36
Q

What is an example of the autonomous stage?

A
  • A basketball dribbler who does not need to look at the ball.
37
Q
A

Pe- Skill acquisition (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions