Classification and transfer of skills Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 3 factors are motor skills are affected by in most skill classifications?
A
- how precise the movement is
- whether the movement has a definite beginning and end
- whether the environment affects the performance of skills
2
Q
What is the discrete, serial and continuous continuum?
A
- This continuum is concerned with how well defined the beginning and end of the skill are.
3
Q
What are discrete skills?
A
- Clear beginning/ end
- Skills can be repeated but performer starts again
- Single specific skill
4
Q
What is an example of a discrete skill?
A
Weight lifting
5
Q
What are serial skills?
A
- Several discrete elements put together to make integrated movement/ sequence
- Order of elements are repeated
6
Q
What is an example of serial skill?
A
High jump
7
Q
What are continuous skills?
A
- No obvious beginning/ end
- Continues for as long as the performer wishes
- End of one cycle is the beginning of the next
- No clear sub routines
8
Q
What is an example of continuous skill?
A
Marathon running
9
Q
What is the body involvement continuum?
A
- This continuum is concerned with the precision of movement- gross and fine skills
10
Q
What are gross skills?
A
- They involve the large muscle movements where the major muscle groups are involved
- These movements are not very precise
11
Q
What are fine skills?
A
- They involve more intricate movements using small muscle groups
- They tend to be more precise and generally involve high levels of hand-eye coordination
12
Q
What are the four continuums?
A
- Discrete, serial and continuous
- Body involvement
- Open and closed
- Pacing
13
Q
What is an example of a gross skill?
A
Weight lifting
14
Q
What is an example of a fine skill?
A
Darts/ snooker
15
Q
What is the open and closed continuum?
A
- This continuum is concerned with the effects of the environment on skills.
16
Q
What are open skills?
A
- The environment is constantly changing so movements have to be continually adapted
- Skills are predominantly perceptual
- Skill is mostly externally paced
17
Q
What are the factors in an open skill?
A
- Affected by environment/ always changing
- Need to interpret and judge stimuli
- Usually complex/ need to process a lot of information/ stimuli
- Usually externally paced/ speed controlled but others
- Outcome varies/ not performed the same way every time
18
Q
What is an example of an open skill?
A
- Soccer pass
- Soccer goal save
- Tennis stroke
19
Q
What are closed skills?
A
- They take place in a stable, predictable environment
- Performer knows exactly what to do and when
20
Q
What are the factors in a closed skill?
A
- Not affected by environment
- Movements follow set-patterned
- Movements have a clear beginning/ end
- Usually self-paced
21
Q
What is an example of a closed skill?
A
- Tennis serve
- Soccer penalty
- Shot putt
22
Q
What is the pacing continuum?
A
- This continuum is concerned with the timing of movements (and is often used with open-closed continuum)- internal and external paced skills
23
Q
What are externally paced skills?
A
- The environment which may include opponents control the rate of performing the skill
- Performer must pay attention to external environment in order to control there rate of movement
- Speed/ start of skill is controlled by the environment/ others
24
Q
What is an example of an externally paced skill?
A
- Receiving a pass in football
25
What are self-paced skills?
- The performer controls the rate at which the skill is executed
- Speed/ start of skill is controlled by performer
26
What is an example of a self-paced skill?
- Passing a ball in netball
27
What is the definition of learning?
Knapp: The more or less permanent change in behaviour that is reflected in a change of performance
28
What are the key characteristics of learning?
- Linked to practice or experience
- Relatively permanent
- Not a fluke or one-off occurrence
29
What is transfer of skills?
- How the learning of one skill affects the learning of another
30
What is positive transfer?
- The learning of one skill helps the learning of another
31
What is an example of positive transfer?
- A tennis serve is very similar to a volleyball serve so the learning of one of them helps with the learning of the other
32
What is negative transfer?
- The learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
33
What is an example of negative transfer?
- A lot of movement in tennis is generated out of the shoulder joint but in badminton a lot of movement is generated by the elbow and the wrist.
- So learning one of them might negatively affect the ability to play the other one as you pick up bad habits.
34
What is proactive transfer?
- A learned skill affects the learning of a new skill
35
What is an example of proactive transfer?
- You have been playing volleyball and then you now pick up tennis and you have now transferred the learning of that old volleyball serve into the learning of a new one.
36
What is retroactive transfer?
- New skill affects the previously learned skill
37
What is an example of retroactive transfer?
-Going from volley
ball to tennis and then tennis back to volleyball.
-Will the tennis serve affected the volleyball serve.
38
What is bilateral transfer?
- The learning on one limb slightly improves the learning of another limb
39
What is an example of bilateral transfer?
- Practice passing on right foot a lot you will be able to pass with your left foot having not practiced before
It’s now where near as effective as practicing on your other limb
40
What is zero transfer?
- It’s where the skills from one sport have no impact on learning a new sport.
41
What is an example of Zero transfer?
- A swimmer transferring to archery
42
How to ensure positive transfer takes place?
- Ensure that skills are thoroughly learned before moving on to other skills.
- Avoid confusing practices to avoid negative transfer.
- Positive previous experiences or values assist transfer.
