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Pe- Skill acquisition > Classification and transfer of skills > Flashcards

Classification and transfer of skills Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 factors are motor skills are affected by in most skill classifications?

A
  • how precise the movement is
  • whether the movement has a definite beginning and end
  • whether the environment affects the performance of skills
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2
Q

What is the discrete, serial and continuous continuum?

A
  • This continuum is concerned with how well defined the beginning and end of the skill are.
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3
Q

What are discrete skills?

A
  • Clear beginning/ end
  • Skills can be repeated but performer starts again
  • Single specific skill
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4
Q

What is an example of a discrete skill?

A

Weight lifting

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5
Q

What are serial skills?

A
  • Several discrete elements put together to make integrated movement/ sequence
  • Order of elements are repeated
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6
Q

What is an example of serial skill?

A

High jump

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7
Q

What are continuous skills?

A
  • No obvious beginning/ end
  • Continues for as long as the performer wishes
  • End of one cycle is the beginning of the next
  • No clear sub routines
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8
Q

What is an example of continuous skill?

A

Marathon running

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9
Q

What is the body involvement continuum?

A
  • This continuum is concerned with the precision of movement- gross and fine skills
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10
Q

What are gross skills?

A
  • They involve the large muscle movements where the major muscle groups are involved
  • These movements are not very precise
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11
Q

What are fine skills?

A
  • They involve more intricate movements using small muscle groups
  • They tend to be more precise and generally involve high levels of hand-eye coordination
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12
Q

What are the four continuums?

A
  • Discrete, serial and continuous
  • Body involvement
  • Open and closed
  • Pacing
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13
Q

What is an example of a gross skill?

A

Weight lifting

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14
Q

What is an example of a fine skill?

A

Darts/ snooker

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15
Q

What is the open and closed continuum?

A
  • This continuum is concerned with the effects of the environment on skills.
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16
Q

What are open skills?

A
  • The environment is constantly changing so movements have to be continually adapted
  • Skills are predominantly perceptual
  • Skill is mostly externally paced
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17
Q

What are the factors in an open skill?

A
  • Affected by environment/ always changing
  • Need to interpret and judge stimuli
  • Usually complex/ need to process a lot of information/ stimuli
  • Usually externally paced/ speed controlled but others
  • Outcome varies/ not performed the same way every time
18
Q

What is an example of an open skill?

A
  • Soccer pass
  • Soccer goal save
  • Tennis stroke
19
Q

What are closed skills?

A
  • They take place in a stable, predictable environment
  • Performer knows exactly what to do and when
20
Q

What are the factors in a closed skill?

A
  • Not affected by environment
  • Movements follow set-patterned
  • Movements have a clear beginning/ end
  • Usually self-paced
21
Q

What is an example of a closed skill?

A
  • Tennis serve
  • Soccer penalty
  • Shot putt
22
Q

What is the pacing continuum?

A
  • This continuum is concerned with the timing of movements (and is often used with open-closed continuum)- internal and external paced skills
23
Q

What are externally paced skills?

A
  • The environment which may include opponents control the rate of performing the skill
  • Performer must pay attention to external environment in order to control there rate of movement
  • Speed/ start of skill is controlled by the environment/ others
24
Q

What is an example of an externally paced skill?

A
  • Receiving a pass in football
25
Q

What are self-paced skills?

A
  • The performer controls the rate at which the skill is executed
  • Speed/ start of skill is controlled by performer
26
Q

What is an example of a self-paced skill?

A
  • Passing a ball in netball
27
Q

What is the definition of learning?

A

Knapp: The more or less permanent change in behaviour that is reflected in a change of performance

28
Q

What are the key characteristics of learning?

A
  • Linked to practice or experience
  • Relatively permanent
  • Not a fluke or one-off occurrence
29
Q

What is transfer of skills?

A
  • How the learning of one skill affects the learning of another
30
Q

What is positive transfer?

A
  • The learning of one skill helps the learning of another
31
Q

What is an example of positive transfer?

A
  • A tennis serve is very similar to a volleyball serve so the learning of one of them helps with the learning of the other
32
Q

What is negative transfer?

A
  • The learning of one skill hinders the learning of another
33
Q

What is an example of negative transfer?

A
  • A lot of movement in tennis is generated out of the shoulder joint but in badminton a lot of movement is generated by the elbow and the wrist.
  • So learning one of them might negatively affect the ability to play the other one as you pick up bad habits.
34
Q

What is proactive transfer?

A
  • A learned skill affects the learning of a new skill
35
Q

What is an example of proactive transfer?

A
  • You have been playing volleyball and then you now pick up tennis and you have now transferred the learning of that old volleyball serve into the learning of a new one.
36
Q

What is retroactive transfer?

A
  • New skill affects the previously learned skill
37
Q

What is an example of retroactive transfer?

A

-Going from volley
ball to tennis and then tennis back to volleyball.
-Will the tennis serve affected the volleyball serve.

38
Q

What is bilateral transfer?

A
  • The learning on one limb slightly improves the learning of another limb
39
Q

What is an example of bilateral transfer?

A
  • Practice passing on right foot a lot you will be able to pass with your left foot having not practiced before
    It’s now where near as effective as practicing on your other limb
40
Q

What is zero transfer?

A
  • It’s where the skills from one sport have no impact on learning a new sport.
41
Q

What is an example of Zero transfer?

A
  • A swimmer transferring to archery
42
Q

How to ensure positive transfer takes place?

A
  • Ensure that skills are thoroughly learned before moving on to other skills.
  • Avoid confusing practices to avoid negative transfer.
  • Positive previous experiences or values assist transfer.

Pe- Skill acquisition (4 decks)

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