Learning and motor disorders Flashcards by Amy Collins

6 possible areas of difficulty for specific learning disorder

-inaccurate, slow, effortful reading
-reading comprehension
-spelling
-written expression
-mathematical reasoning
-number sense, facts, or calculation

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how many areas of difficulty must be present for dx of specific learning disorder and for how long

at least one for at least 6 months

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how severe do learning difficulties have to be to be classified as a disorder

skills substantially lower than expected and interfering with academic/occupational achievement

confirmed by standardized tests and clinical assessment

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type specifiers for specific learning disability

-with impairment in reading
-with impairment in written expression
-with impairment in mathematics

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mild specific learning disorder

some difficulty in 1-2 domains and may function fine with some support

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moderate specific learning disorder

marked difficulty in at least 1 domain and intensive specialized instruction is necessary

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severe specific learning disorder

severe difficulty in several domains and intensive/special instruction needed for most of school

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4 areas of specific learning disorder

weak reading
weak language
weak math
weak combined reading/math

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typical deficits in learning disorder with impairment in reading

-difficulty recognizing words
-slow/inaccurate reading
-poor comprehension
-poor spelling

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what is a particularly common comorbidity of specific learning disorder

ADHD

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characteristic diagnostic features of specific learning disorder with impairment in reading

-difficulty recalling, evoking, sequencing printed letters/words
-difficulty processing sophisticated grammatical constructions
-making inferences

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core deficits in specific learning disorder with impairment in reading

-poor processing of speech sounds
-comprehension, spelling, and sounding out words

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four groups of poor achievement for specific learning disability with impairment in mathematics

linguistic skills
perceptual skills
mathematical skills
attentional skills

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linguistic skills in impairment in mathematics

associated with understanding math terms and converting written problems into math symbols

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perceptual skills with impairment in mathematics

ability to recognize/understand symbols and order clusters of numbers

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mathematical skills with impairment in mathematics

difficulty with basic addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and following the order of operations correctly

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attentional skills in impairment in mathematics

copying figures correctly and observing operational symbols correctly

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4 categories of mathematical difficulty

-learning to count meaningfully
-mastering cardinal and ordinal systems
-performing arithmetic operations
-envisioning clusters of objects as groups

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components of specific learning disorder with impairment in written expression

poor spelling
grammatical/punctuation errors
poor handwriting

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most common grammatical errors in children with impairments in written expression

incorrect tenses
forgetting words in sentences
organizing paragraphs
placing words in the wrong order

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what are the 3 types of motor disorders

-developmental coordination disorder
-stereotypic movement disorder
-tic disorders

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what are the 3 tic disorders

tourettes disorder
persistent motor/vocal tic disorder
provisional tic disorder

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general definition of developmental coordination disorder

ability to gain/use coordinated motor skills markedly below expected for age that interferes with ADLs

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manifestations of developmental coordination disorder

clumsiness
slowness/inaccuracy of motor skills

when is the onset of developmental coordination disorder

early developmental period

how old do you have to be to be diagnosed with developmental coordination disorder and why

at least 5 to account for normal variations in development

environmental risk factors for developmental coordination disorder

prematurity/low birth weight prenatal exposure to alcohol

general definition of stereotypic movement disorder

repetitive, driven, purposeless motor movements that interfere with functioning

onset of stereotypic movement disorder

early developmental period (typically before 3)

specifiers for stereotypic movement disorder

with/without self-injurious behavior if associated w/ known condition

mild stereotypic movement disorder

sx easily suppressed by sensory stimuli or distraction

moderate stereotypic movement disorder

sx require explicit protective measures and behavioral modification

severe stereotypic movement disorder

continuous monitoring/protective measures required to prevent self-injury

frequency of movements in stereotypic movement disorder

varies from several times daily to once every few weeks

when do stereotypic movements usually occur

when engrossed in other activities, when excited, stressed, fatigued, or bored

when does stereotypic movement disorder typically manifest

in the first 3 years of life

environmental risk factors for stereotypic movement disorder

social isolation environmental stress can trigger fear may increase

cognitive function as a risk factor for stereotypic movement disorder

lower cognitive function increases risk

diagnostic criteria for Tourette's disorder

-multiple motor tics -at least 1 vocal tic -waxes and wanes -persisted for 1+ years -onset before age 18 -not attributable to a substance

main difference between Tourette's and persistent motor/vocal tic disorder

only one type of tic required for dx in persistent motor/vocal tic disorder

specifiers for persistent motor/vocal tic disorder

-motor only -vocal only

diagnostic criteria for provisional tic disorder

single or multiple tics that have been present for less than 1 year onset before 18

what preceded tics

premonitory urges

definition of simple motor tics

limited involvement of specific muscle groups that are usually short in duration

examples of simple motor tics

eye blinking facial grimacing shoulder shrugs extremity extensions

definition of complex motor tic

often include a combo of simple motor tics and is longer in duration

characteristics of complex tic manifestations

can appear purposeful can be an imitation of other's movements (echopraxia)

what is copropraxia

complex motor tic that involves sexual or taboo gestures

what causes simple vocal tics

contraction of the diaphragm or muscles of the oropharynx

examples of simple vocal tics

throat clearing sniffs chirps barks grunting

palilalia

complex vocal tic that includes repeating own words

echolalia

complex vocal tic that involves repeating last heard words/phrases

coprolalia

complex vocal tic that involves unacceptable words/phrases (obscenities and slurs)

onset and severity of tic disorders

-onset typically 4-6 -peaks between 10-12 -decreases around adolescence (sometimes)

can tics change

they can change over time

differences between tics and stereotypic movements

stereotypies lack premonitory urges, are repetitive and rhythmic, and subside with distraction

chorea

rapid, abrupt, irregular, unpredictable movements that are usually bilat and vary moment to moment

dystonia

simultaneous sustained contraction of agonist and antagonist muscles that results in distorted posture/movements and is not seen during sleep

common tic disorder comorbidities

ADHD disruptive behaviors OCD