Learning And Conditoning Flashcards
Learning
A relatively permanent change in behaviors due to experience
Behaviorism
An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the environment as a determinate of behavior
Conditioning
A basic kind if learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and organisms responses
Classical conditioning
A neutral stimulus that is made to have a new feel arise with an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that natural causes a reaction
Unconditioned response
The reflexive response that elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning
Neutral stimulus
Becomes the conditioned stimulus after classical conditioning
Conditioned stimulus
The classical conditioning term for an initially neutral stimulus that brings out a conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
A response that is brought by a conditioned stimulus
Classical conditioning
The process by which the neutral stimulus elicit a response through learning with a stimulus that elicit a similar response
CC extinction:
The disappearance of a phobia. Presenting the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus and disappears after
CC spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of classical conditioned response
CC high order conditioning
When an already classically conditioned a second stimulus attached to the first one then also become classically conditioned
CC generalization
After a stimulus become conditioned stimulus for a certain response, similar stimulus may also become conditioned
CC discrimination
The tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli.
Flooding
Where some body is exposed intensely with what they fear
Aversive conditioning
Negative reinforcement; a type of counter conditioning that associates unpleasant feeling with bad behaviors
Counter conditioning
Positive reinforcement; the process of paring a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that evokes positive feeling.
Systematic desensitization
A step by step process to eliminate phobias by slowly bringing someone closer to what they fear
Food aversions
People avoid food after it has made them sick
Placebo
May cause reduced pain and anxiety because of expectations of treatment
Operant conditioning
Deliberate desirable behavior that becomes more or less likely depending on rewards and punisher
Edward Thorndike’s law if effect
Behavior is stamped in by satisfying effects
B.F. Skinner
“Radical Behaviorism” to understand behavior one should focus on the external causes of an action
Primary reinforcer
Naturally reinforcing because it satisfies biological needs
Primary punisher
A stimulus that is inherently punishing
Secondary reinforcers
A stimulus that acquired reinforcing properties through association
Secondary punishers
A stimulus that is acquired punishing properties through associations
Positive reinforcement
Increases behavior in a subject by giving them something they like
Negative reinforcement
Reinforcement that takes something away to increase an actions
Positive punishment
Giving something to decrease behavior
Negative punishment
Taking something away to decrease a behavior
OC extinction
A procedure that causes a previously reinforced behavior to stop. The reinforcer must be removed or no longer available
OC generalization
The tendency for a response that has been reinforced or punished to be present in another stimulus response
OC discrimination
The tendency for the response to just happen in the case of a specific stimulus
OC discriminative stimulus
A stimulus that signals when a particular response is likely to be followed by a certain consequence
Continuous reinforcement
Quickest way to extinct a behavior; a reinforcement. Is schedule I. Which a particular response is always reinforced
Intermittent reinforcement
A reinforcement schedule in which a particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced. Best way to change a behavior
Fixed
A set time or number
Variable
You never know what you are going to get
Ratio
Number interval, passing of time
Fixed ratio schedule
Reinforcement occurred after a set number of responses. How many times you have to do something before you are rewarded
Variable ratio schedule
Reinforcement occurs after a unknown number of responses
Fixed interval schedule
Reinforcement is given after a set amount of time has passed
Variable interval schedule
Reinforcement is given after a unknown amount if time
Shaping: OC
An operant conditioning procedure in which a successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced
Successive approximations
Shaping behaviors that see ordered in terms of increasing similarity to desired response
Instinctive drift
During operant learning the tendency or an organism to revert to instinctive behavior
Determinist view
We are shaped by our involvement and genes
Mere exposure effect
A learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed. The more we are exposed the more we like it
Behavior modification: applied behavior analysis
The applications of operant conditioning techniques to each new responses or reduce or eliminate maladaptive or problematic behavior
Habituation
Learning motto respond to the repeated presentation of a stimulus
Extrinsic reinforcers
Reinforcers that are not inherently related to the activity being reinforced
Intrinsic reinforcers
Reinforcers that are inherently related to the activity being reinforced
Over justification effect
When people focus on the extrinsic reward as their motives for an activity, they begin to lose their intrinsic interest
Latent learning
A form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response, it occurs without obvious reinforcement
Cognitive map
Mental image of an areas layout
Social learning theory
Emphasizes how behavior is learned and maintained through observation and imitation of others
Observational learning
A process in which an individual learns new responses by observing the behavior of another rather than through direct experience
