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AP Psychology > Chapter 4: The Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 4: The Brain Flashcards

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1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Receives, processes, interprets and stores incoming sensory information about taste sound smell color and pressure. Composed of brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

Spinal cord

A

Extension of the brain, produces Behaviors on its own without help from the brain

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3
Q

Spinal reflexes:

A

Automatic without conscious effort

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4
Q

Afferent neurons: sensory

A

Carries informations from the senses to the spinal cord

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5
Q

Efferent neurons: motor

A

Carries information from the spinal cord to muscles and glands

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6
Q

Interneuron

A

Neurons in the center if the spinal cord that connects sensory neurons to motor neurons

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7
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Handles the central nervous system input and output. Contains all portions of the nervous system outside brain and spinal cord.

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8
Q

Sensory nerves: afferent

A

Carry messages from special Skin receptors in skin, muscles and other internal and external organs to the spinal cord

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9
Q

Motor nerves: efferent

A

Carry order from the central nervous system to muscles, glands and internal organs

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10
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical messengers

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11
Q

Somatic nervous system: skeletal

A

The subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system that connects to sensory receptors to skeletal muscles

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12
Q

Autonomic nervous system:

A

The subdivision of the peripheral

nervous system that regulates the internal organs and glands

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13
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes bodily resources and increases the out of energy During stress

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14
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

The subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that operates during relaxed states and conserves energy

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15
Q

Neurons

A

A cell that conducts electrochemical signals; that basic unit of the nervous system.

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16
Q

Glial cells

A

90% of the cells in the brain. Makes the myelin sheath, provide nutrition for cells and removes waste

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17
Q

Dendrites

A

Receives messages from nerve cells

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18
Q

Cell body: soma

A

Keeps neuron alive and determines when it should fire

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19
Q

Axon

A

Transmits messages from the dendrites to the axon terminals and out to the other neurons/glands/muscles

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20
Q

Axon terminals

A

Shoot messages out to the other neurons, glands or muscles

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21
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

A sac like structure found with in the axon terminal buttons holding the neurotransmitters

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22
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Mostly in joints (PSN), fatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron.

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23
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of neurons/ nerves in PSN

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24
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of neurons in the brain and spinal cord (CSN)

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25
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Same as tracts; bundles of neurons in the brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

Neurogenesis

A

The production of neurons from immature stem cells

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27
Q

Stem cells

A

Immature cells that renew themselves and have potential to develop to mature cells

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28
Q

Stem cell research

A

Stem cells that are used to develop into new cell types when using early embryos

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29
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

The separation in neurons where the axon terminals of one neuron nearly touches a dendrite or cell body of another

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30
Q

Synapse

A

The entire site: the axon terminals, the cleft, and the covering membrane of the receiving dendrite

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31
Q

Plasticity

A

Regeneration of neurons

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32
Q

Action potential

A

Produces an electric impulse; a brief change in electric voltage that occurs between inside and outside of axon

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33
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Breaks between myelin sheath where the action potential hops

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34
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Tiny sacs in the tip of the axon terminal, release neurotransmitters

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35
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical substance that is released by the transmitting neuron at the synapse and alters the activity of a receiving neuron

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36
Q

Excitatory

A

Stimulate

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37
Q

Inhibitory

A

Voltage shift in a negative direction

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38
Q

Resting potential

A

The electric charge of a neuron at rest (70mil volts)

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39
Q

Threshold

A

The point at which a neuron fires 50 mil volts

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40
Q

Serotonin

A

(Low levels = depression)
(High levels = autism)
Responsible for changes in mood, sleep pattern, appetite

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41
Q

Dopamine

A

“Feel good drug” involved in movement and memory
(High levels = schizophrenia)
(Low levels = Parkinsense)

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42
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Muscle movement and memory and cognitive functions
(Low levels = Alzheimer)
(High levels = spasms)

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43
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Elevates mood; increases sympathetic nervous system

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44
Q

GABA

A

“Drags ya” slows everything down including thoughts and reaction time
Abnormal levels= sleeping and eating disorders

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45
Q

Glutamate

A

Major exciting neurotransmitter (caffeine)

46
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Stem of densely packs capillary and glial cells, whose function is to prevent potentially harmful substance from entering the brain
(Alcohol, weed pass straight through)

47
Q

Agonist

A

A drug that enhances the operation of neurotransmitters

48
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug the blocks the operation of a neurotransmitter

49
Q

Endorphins

A

A chemical substance in the nervous system that are similar in structure and acts as opiates

50
Q

Enkephalins

A

Natural pain killer

51
Q

Neuromodulators

A

A chemical messenger that increases or decreases action of specific neurotransmitter

52
Q

Endocrine system

A

A gland hat releases and produces hormones

53
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substance secreted by organs called glands that are affect the functioning of other organs

54
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the blood stream

55
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Food, fight, flight, sex

56
Q

Pituitary

A

“Master gland” controls all endocrine gland functions, responsible for growth

57
Q

Pineal gland

A

Secrets melatonin

58
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Regulates metabolism

59
Q

Ovaries and testes

A

Produces estrogen and androgen

60
Q

Melatonin

A

Secreted by pineal gland; regulates daily biological rhythms and promotes sleep

61
Q

Adrenal hormones

A

Produces by the adrenal glands are involved in emotion and stress. Also activated by heat, cold, pain, injury, burns, exercise, drugs and caffeine

62
Q

Sex hormones

A

Androgens- (testosterone), estrogen, progesterone. Hormones that regulate the development and function of reproductive organs. Stimulate and regulate male and female sexual characteristics

63
Q

Lesion method

A

Damage and remove sections of the brain in animals and observe the affects

64
Q

Stereotaxic instrument

A

A tool used in precise area of the brain to cut or destroy tissue

65
Q

Electoncephalogram

A

A recording of a neutral activity detected by electrodes

66
Q

Evoked potentials

A

Patterns of brain activity produced in response to events

67
Q

Needle electrodes

A

Thin wire or hollow glass tubes that are inserted into the brain used to record electrical activity in brain or stimulate brain with electrical currents

68
Q

Micro electrodes

A

Inserted into a single cell

69
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulate (TMS)

A

A method of stimulating brain cells, using a powerful magnetic field produced by a wire coil placed on a persons head. Can be used for therapy

70
Q

PET Scan

A

A method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain using injections of glucose like substance containing a radioactive element

71
Q

CAT scan

A

X-ray of the brain

72
Q

MRI

A

allows exploration of “inner-space” by injecting chemicals. Used to study the brain/body tissue using magnetic fields and radio receivers

73
Q

fMRI

A

Captures brain changes in the brain while a person performs a given task

74
Q

Localization of function

A

Specialization of particular brain areas for particular functions

75
Q

Phrenology

A

Personality can be determined by bumps in the head

76
Q

Brain stem

A

The part of the brain at the top of the spinal cord, consisting of the medulla and the pons

77
Q

Medulla

A

A structure in the brain responsible for certain autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate

78
Q

Pons

A

A structure in the brain stem involved in sleeping, waking, dreaming

79
Q

Reticular formation

A

Arousal and alertness

80
Q

Reticular activating system

A

A dense network of neurons found in the core of the brain stem; arouses the cortex and screens incoming information

81
Q

Cerebellum

A

A brain structure that regulates movement and balance and that involved in the learning of certain kinds of simple responses

82
Q

Pituitary gland

A

A small endocrine gland at the base of the brain, which releases many hormones and regulates other endocrine glands

83
Q

Limbic system: emotions memory motivations and learning

A

A group of brain areas involved in emotional reactions and motivated behavior

84
Q

Thalamus

A

A brain structure that relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex

85
Q

Hypothalamus

A

A brain structure involved in emotions and drive, vital to survive (food flight fight and sex)

86
Q

Amygdala

A

A brain structure involved in arousal and regulates emotion of sensory information

87
Q

Hippocampus

A

A brain structure that is involved with the storing of new information (HM)

88
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

Emotional cognitive and motor tasks

89
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Involved in movement (voluntary muscle control) and learning

90
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest brain structure, consisting of the upper part of the brain. Sensory motor and cognitive processes

91
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

The 2 gavels of the cerebrum

92
Q

Corpus callosum

A

A bundles of never fibers connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres

93
Q

Lateralization

A

Specialization of the two cerebral hemispheres for a particular operation

94
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Several thin layers of cells covering the cerebrum for higher mental functions

95
Q

Grey matter

A

Cell bodies in the cortex

96
Q

White matter

A

Lon myelinated axons

97
Q

Occipital lobes

A

At the lower back part if the cerebral cortex, receive visual information

98
Q

Parietal lobes

A

At the top of the cerebral cortex, receive information on pressure pain touch and temperature

99
Q

Somatosensory

A

Receives signals from hands and face because of particular sensitivity

100
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Sides of the cerebral cortex involved in hearing memory perception, emotions and language comprehension

101
Q

Frontal lobes

A

front of the cerebral cortex involved in short term memory, higher order thinking, imitative, social judgement, and speech

102
Q

Motor cortex

A

Movement

103
Q

Association cortex

A

The silent area, involved in higher order mental processes when stimulated produce no obvious response

104
Q

Broca’s area

A

(Left) speech, left frontal lobe “broken speech”

105
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Language comprehension and understanding “what ya say”

106
Q

Aphasia

A

Impaired abilities to use language

107
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

Controls personality

108
Q

Phineas gage

A

A rod went through his prefrontal correct personality was different after wards

109
Q

Spilt brain surgery

A

Severe the corpus callosum and separate the two hemispheres completely

110
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Language; usually exerts control over the right side. Left side is always trying to explain actions and emotions

111
Q

Right side

A

Visual; is dominate in visual abilities and active during creation and appreciation of art and music

AP Psychology (9 decks)

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