Chapter 14: Development Flashcards
Maturation
The sequence of unfolding of genetically influenced behavior and physical characteristics
Socialization
The process by which children learn the behaviors, attitudes and expectations required them by society and culture
Germinal stage
Begins at conception, when the male sperm unites with the female ovum.
Zygote
Fertilized single cell egg
Embryonic stage
Starts at implantation (2 weeks after conception) last until 8 week after conception.
Fetal stage
After 8 weeks, develops organs and systems
Fetus
The embryo growth after 8 weeks
Teratogen
Any substance (disease or chemical) that increases the risk of abnormalities in fetal development.
Imprinting
The rapid and early learning of permanent behavior
Motor reflexes
Automatic behaviors that are necessary for survival
Babinski reflex
In response to a touch on the bottom of the feet, baby’s toes Dan outward and then curl in.
Synchrony
The adjustment of one persons nonverbal behavior to coordinate with another’s.
Moro or startle
An infant throws its arms out and arches it’s back in response to a loud noise or physical shock
Emotional attachment
A universal capacity of all primates and is crucial for health and survival all through life the first attachment for an infant is usually a mom.
John bowlby
Observed the devastating effects on babies raised in orphanages without touches and other children raised by neglect. The babies were physically healthy but emotionally deprived.
Safe base
Allows babies to form trust; by becoming attached to caregiver children create a base from which they can explore the world from, but always return to safety.
Contact comfort
In primates the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of the infants first attachment
Margaret and Harry Harlow’s rhesus monkeys
Demonstrated the importance of contact comfort with the monkeys and artificial mothers. The monkeys choose the mother that have comfort over the one that provide nourishment.
Separation anxiety
The distress that most children develop at about 6-8 months of age, when the primary caregivers temporarily them with strangers
Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation:
A mother plays with a baby in a room, leaves to play with a stranger and then leaves again leaving the baby all alone to see how the baby reacts in each situation.
Securely attached
Crying or protecting when a parent leaves the room and happy when they return
Avoidant
Not caring if the parents leaves and makes little effort up their return.
Anxious ambivalent
Resisting contact at reunion but protesting if the parent leaves
Parentese
The adult use of baby talk which helps the baby learn the rhythm of language
Telegraphic speech
A child’s first word combinations which omit unnecessary words
Assimilation
Children’s minds constantly adapting to new situations and experiences
Accommodations
Children must also change their mental categories for new experiences.
