Learning activity 4 Flashcards
Perception process, A. Selection: Intense stimuli
attract our attention in a very clear way, something that is louder, larger, or brighter although not always in a positive way.
Perception process, A. Selection: Repetitious stimuli
also, attract our attention. For example, a quiet steadily dropping faucet can come to dominate our awareness.
Perception process, A. Selection: Contrast
invites attention, happens when me notice something different after taking something for granted, directly opposite.
Perception process, A. Selection: Motives
also, influence what is selected from our environment. Motives determine how we perceive people and how we perceive our environment in reflection of our own behaviours. Notice something more when it’s a reflection of what we want. For example, notice more pregnant people when you want to get pregnant yourself.
Perception process, B. Organization: Physical constructs
allows us to classify people according to their appearance: gender, transgender, skin colour, attractiveness, size, or age.
Perception process, B. Organization: Role Constructs
use social position –student, lawyer, husband—as a means of organization
Perception process, B. Organization: Interaction constructs
focus on social behaviour: friendly, intense, helpful, outgoing, entertaining, or sarcastic.
Perception process, B. Organization: psychological constructs
are used to organize people according to their apparent personalities such as curious, nervous, insecure…
Perception process, B. Organization: Membership constructs
helps us identify others according to the group or groups they belong to union rep, ethnic group. Clergy, health care workers, etc…
Perception process, C. Interpretation
the process of attaching meaning to sense data plays a role in virtually every interpersonal act. How you interpret these, and other events depends on several factors:
Perception process, C. Interpretation factors
- Degree of involvement with the other person
- Personal past experience
- Assumption about human behaviour
- Attitudes
- Expectations
- Knowledge
- Self-concept
- Relational satisfaction
Perception process, D: Negotiation
occurs between and among people as they influence one another’s perceptions and try to achieve a shared perspective. (An exchange of stories or narratives)
- Narrative: the stories we use to describe our personal worlds.
Stereotyping is very connected with bias
- once we select an organizing scheme to classify people, we use that scheme to generalize and predictions about members of the groups who fit the categories we use.
- Categorizing individuals according to a set of characteristics assumed to belong to all members of a group.
Punctuation
the tendency to determine the causal order of events. In other words, how actions are interpreted depends on when the interpreter thinks they occurred.
- Influence on perception: Access to information:
we can only make sense of things from what we know, and no one knows everything about even those who are closest to us. But when more information arises, we adjust our perceptions of others.
Influence on perception: Physiological factors
each of us perceived the world differently due to physiological factors including the senses, age and stage, health and fatigue, hunger, biological cycles, and physiological challenges.
Influence on perception: psychological factors
things such as people with ADHD and bipolar disorder are physiological challenges that can affect the way people see the world.
Influence on perception: Cultural differences:
a perceptual gap that can block communication. Every culture has its own worldview or way of looking at the world.
influence on perception: social roles
can also cause communication breakdowns. When roles become unquestioned and rigid, people tend to see the world from their own viewpoint, having no experiences that show them how other people see it. Gender roles, occupational roles, relational roles.
Common tendencies in perception
- We judge ourselves more charitably than others: self-serving bias
- We cling to first impressions: forming a positive first impression and clinging to that idea is known as the halo effect.
- We assume that others are similar to us
- We are influenced by what is most obvious
perception checking elements include
a. Provide a description of the behaviour you noticed
b. Offer at least two possible interpretations of the behaviour
c. Request clarification about how to interpret the behaviour
Make sure to know for the exam some examples will be like this
perception checking considerations: completeness:
you don’t always have it include the steps mentioned above a “skimpy” question such as “what’s going on?” could do the job
perception checking considerations: non-verbal congruency
a perception check can only succeed if your non-verbal behaviour reflects open-mindedness of your words be genuine and match that to your non-verbal communication.
perception checking considerations: Cultural rules
high-context cultures value social harmony over clarity. They are likely to regard perception checking as potentially embarrassing, preferring less direct ways of understanding one another. The straightforward approach can work in low-context cultures like Canada.
Cognitive Complexity:
is the ability to construct a variety of frameworks for viewing an issue in different perspectives. In other words, to look at an event or interaction and offer several explanations.
