Learning activity 4

Question 1

Perception process, A. Selection: Intense stimuli

Answer 1

attract our attention in a very clear way, something that is louder, larger, or brighter although not always in a positive way.

Question 2

Perception process, A. Selection: Repetitious stimuli

Answer 2

also, attract our attention. For example, a quiet steadily dropping faucet can come to dominate our awareness.

Question 3

Perception process, A. Selection: Contrast

Answer 3

invites attention, happens when me notice something different after taking something for granted, directly opposite.

Question 4

Perception process, A. Selection: Motives

Answer 4

also, influence what is selected from our environment. Motives determine how we perceive people and how we perceive our environment in reflection of our own behaviours. Notice something more when it’s a reflection of what we want. For example, notice more pregnant people when you want to get pregnant yourself.

Question 5

Perception process, B. Organization: Physical constructs

Answer 5

allows us to classify people according to their appearance: gender, transgender, skin colour, attractiveness, size, or age.

Question 6

Perception process, B. Organization: Role Constructs

Answer 6

use social position –student, lawyer, husband—as a means of organization

Question 7

Perception process, B. Organization: Interaction constructs

Answer 7

focus on social behaviour: friendly, intense, helpful, outgoing, entertaining, or sarcastic.

Question 8

Perception process, B. Organization: psychological constructs

Answer 8

are used to organize people according to their apparent personalities such as curious, nervous, insecure…

Question 9

Perception process, B. Organization: Membership constructs

Answer 9

helps us identify others according to the group or groups they belong to union rep, ethnic group. Clergy, health care workers, etc…

Question 10

Perception process, C. Interpretation

Answer 10

the process of attaching meaning to sense data plays a role in virtually every interpersonal act. How you interpret these, and other events depends on several factors:

Question 11

Perception process, C. Interpretation factors

Answer 11

• Degree of involvement with the other person
• Personal past experience
• Assumption about human behaviour
• Attitudes
• Expectations
• Knowledge
• Self-concept
• Relational satisfaction

Question 12

Perception process, D: Negotiation

Answer 12

occurs between and among people as they influence one another’s perceptions and try to achieve a shared perspective. (An exchange of stories or narratives)

• Narrative: the stories we use to describe our personal worlds.

Question 13

Stereotyping is very connected with bias

Answer 13

• once we select an organizing scheme to classify people, we use that scheme to generalize and predictions about members of the groups who fit the categories we use.
• Categorizing individuals according to a set of characteristics assumed to belong to all members of a group.

Question 14

Punctuation

Answer 14

the tendency to determine the causal order of events. In other words, how actions are interpreted depends on when the interpreter thinks they occurred.

Question 15

3. Influence on perception: Access to information:

Answer 15

we can only make sense of things from what we know, and no one knows everything about even those who are closest to us. But when more information arises, we adjust our perceptions of others.

Question 16

Influence on perception: Physiological factors

Answer 16

each of us perceived the world differently due to physiological factors including the senses, age and stage, health and fatigue, hunger, biological cycles, and physiological challenges.

Question 17

Influence on perception: psychological factors

Answer 17

things such as people with ADHD and bipolar disorder are physiological challenges that can affect the way people see the world.

Question 18

Influence on perception: Cultural differences:

Answer 18

a perceptual gap that can block communication. Every culture has its own worldview or way of looking at the world.

Question 19

influence on perception: social roles

Answer 19

can also cause communication breakdowns. When roles become unquestioned and rigid, people tend to see the world from their own viewpoint, having no experiences that show them how other people see it. Gender roles, occupational roles, relational roles.

Question 20

Common tendencies in perception

Answer 20

• We judge ourselves more charitably than others: self-serving bias
• We cling to first impressions: forming a positive first impression and clinging to that idea is known as the halo effect.
• We assume that others are similar to us
• We are influenced by what is most obvious

Question 21

perception checking elements include

Answer 21

a. Provide a description of the behaviour you noticed
b. Offer at least two possible interpretations of the behaviour
c. Request clarification about how to interpret the behaviour
Make sure to know for the exam some examples will be like this

Question 22

perception checking considerations: completeness:

Answer 22

you don’t always have it include the steps mentioned above a “skimpy” question such as “what’s going on?” could do the job

Question 23

perception checking considerations: non-verbal congruency

Answer 23

a perception check can only succeed if your non-verbal behaviour reflects open-mindedness of your words be genuine and match that to your non-verbal communication.

Question 24

perception checking considerations: Cultural rules

Answer 24

high-context cultures value social harmony over clarity. They are likely to regard perception checking as potentially embarrassing, preferring less direct ways of understanding one another. The straightforward approach can work in low-context cultures like Canada.

Question 25

Cognitive Complexity:

Answer 25

is the ability to construct a variety of frameworks for viewing an issue in different perspectives. In other words, to look at an event or interaction and offer several explanations.