Learning

Question 1

Classical conditioning

Answer 1

A procedure of which an animal or person learns to associate a reflex a response with a new stimulus

Question 2

Classical conditioning schedule

Answer 2

The steps in the procedure to condition a new response

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

The stimulus that produces a reflex response such as the food for Pavlovs dog

Question 4

Unconditioned response

Answer 4

The reflex response to an unconditioned stimulus such as Pavlovs dog salivation

Question 5

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

A new stimulus presented with the ucs such as the bell in Pavlovs experiment

Question 6

Conditioned response

Answer 6

The response that is learnt, it now occurs when the cs is presented such as Pavlovs dogs salivation

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

A conditioned response dies out

Question 8

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 8

A conditioned response that has dissapeared suddenly appears again

Question 9

Generalisation

Answer 9

The conditioned response is produced when a similar stimulus to the original conditioned stimulus is presented

Question 10

Pavlov and his dog

Answer 10

Pavlov realised dogs learnt to salivate when they heard food coming.
Set up trials, each time the dog was fed a bell was rung, and amount of saliva measured, and then bell was rung and no food was measured.

Question 11

Watson and rayner

Answer 11

Aim- to see if the emotional response of fear could be conditioned in a human being
Baby Albert liked white lab rats, and had no fear of white furry objects, a rat was shown to Albert and as he reached for it a metal bar out of sight was hit, then repeated.
After 7 times when Albert saw the rat he screamed and ran, even when the bar was not hit, also scared of a fur coat and Santa Claus mask
Conclusion- fear responses can be learnt and young children can learn in the way classical conditioning suggested

Question 12

Evaluation of Watson and Rayner

Answer 12

Low ev because only tested on 1 age
Only tested on 1 person
Fits with evidence supporting phobias

Question 13

Operant conditioning

Answer 13

Learning due to consequences of behaviour, though positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement

Question 14

Law of effect

Answer 14

Behaviours that are followed by rewards are usually repeated; those that are punished are not usually repeated

Question 15

Thorndike

Answer 15

Cat in a box and learnt to pull a string to escape box, after 20 times thorndike learned that the car learnt to escape by trail and error, the pleasant consequence taught the cat what to do

Question 16

Punishment

Answer 16

A stimulus that weakens behaviour because it is unpleasant and we try to avoid it

Question 17

Reinforcements

Answer 17

A consequence of behaviour that encourages or strengthens a behaviour, this might be seen as a reward

Question 18

Positive reinforcement

Answer 18

A reward or pleasant consequence that increases the likelihood that a behaviour or action will be repeated

Question 19

Negative reinforcement

Answer 19

When an unpleasant experience is removed after a behaviour or action has been made. This increases likelihood of that behaviour or action being repeated

Question 20

Behaviour shaping

Answer 20

Changing behaviour in small steps

Question 21

B F skinner

Answer 21

Hungry rat in a box, by accident it would press a lever and food was come out, everytime the lever pressed there was a positive reinforcement
Sometimes there was an electric shock, rat had to press lever to turn it off, negative reinforcement

Question 22

Phobias

Answer 22

A persistent and irrational fear of an object activity or situation, the typical symptoms are intense feelings of fear and anxiety to avoid the object activity or situation

Question 23

Flooding

Answer 23

A treatment for phobias that involves the immediate exposure of the person to the feared object, activity or event, UNTILL there is no fear response

Question 24

Systematic desensitisation

Answer 24

A treatment for phobias of which the person is taught to relax and then is gradually exposed to the feared object activity or event

Question 25

Hierarchy of fears

Answer 25

A series of feared events ranked from least frightening to the most frightening

Question 26

Aversion therapy

Answer 26

A treatment for addictions such as drug and alcohol dependency which makes the addict have an extremely negative reaction to the addictive substance

Question 27

Learning

Answer 27

A relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience