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Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Learning

A

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.

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2
Q

Learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the response.

A

Classical Conditioning

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3
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Discovered Classical Conditioning

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4
Q

US

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

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5
Q

UR

A

Unconditional Response

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6
Q

CS

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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7
Q

CR

A

Conditioned Response

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8
Q

Naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary, unlearned response

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

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9
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

Involuntary and unlearned response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus.

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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11
Q

Conditioned

A

Learned

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12
Q

NS

A

Neutral Stimulus`

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13
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Learned, reflex-like response to a conditioned stimulus.

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14
Q

“Conditioned Reflex”

A

Conditioned Response

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15
Q

Neutral Response

A

Stimulus that doesn’t trigger a response.

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16
Q

Stimulus that triggers a neutral response.

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

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17
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

The natural response.

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18
Q

Natural Stimulus becomes…

A

…Conditioned Stimulus

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19
Q

Unconditioned Response becomes…

A

…Conditioned Response

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20
Q

Learned response eventually disappears when Conditioned Stimulus is no longer presented.

A

Extinction

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21
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

Reappearance of learned response after extinction has occurred.

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21
Q

Tendency for Conditioned Responses to be triggered by similar stimuli.

A

Generalization

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22
Q

Behavior followed by pleasurable consequences…

A

…tends to be repeated.

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22
Q

Discrimination

A

Learned ability to only respond to specific stimuli.

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22
Q

Discrimination prevents…

A

…Generalization

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22
Q

The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.

A

Operant Conditioning

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22
Q

Punishment

A

Any event that discourages a behavior from happening again.

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23
Q

Reinforcements

A

Feedback that is intended to encourage a specific behavior to be done again.

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23
Q

Taking something away from the environment.

A

Negative

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23
Q

Behavior followed by unpleasant consequences…

A

…tends not to be repeated.

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23
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Rewarding by adding a pleasurable stimulus.

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23
Q

Punishing a response by adding an unpleasant stimulus.

A

Positive Punishment

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23
Q

These consequences are intended to discourage a particular behavior.

A

Punishments

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23
Q

Positive

A

Adding something to the environment.

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23
Q

Rewarding a response by removing or avoiding an unpleasant stimulus.

A

Negative Reinforcement

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23
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Provide reward after every single behavior.

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23
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Punishing a Response by removing or avoiding a pleasurable response.

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24
Q

Use of Operant Conditioning Techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior.

A

Behavior Modification

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25
Q

Subject picks up or learns behavior relatively quickly.

A

Continuous Reinforcement

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26
Q

Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement

A

Only occasionally give reward after desired behavior.

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27
Q

Takes longer for subject to establish behavior.

A

Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement

28
Q

Subject maintains behavior longer.

A

Partial or Intermittent Reinforcement

29
Q

Interval Schedule

A

After Particular amount of time.

30
Q

Fixed Interval or Variable Interval

A

Interval Schedule

31
Q

Fixed Interval

A

After a set amount of time.

32
Q

Variable Interval

A

After a random amount of time.

33
Q

Ratio Schedule

A

After a number of behavioral occurrances.

34
Q

Fixed Ratio or Variable Ratio

A

Ratio Schedule

35
Q

Fixed Ratio

A

After a set number of instances of behavior.

36
Q

Variable Ratio

A

After a random number of instances of behavior.

37
Q

Reinforcement of simple steps, leading to a desired, complex behavior.

A

Shaping

38
Q

Successive Approximation

A

Small steps, one after another, that lead to a particular goal behavior.

39
Q

Voluntary behavior.

A

Operant Conditioning

40
Q

Consequence dependent.

A

Operant Conditioning

41
Q

Increase rate of already occurring behavior.

A

Operant Conditioning

42
Q

Automatic, involuntary, reflexive behavior.

A

Classical Conditioning

43
Q

Learning associations between stimuli or antecedents.

A

Classical Conditioning

44
Q

Creation of new response to old stimuli.

A

Classical Conditioning

45
Q

Learning can remain hidden until its application becomes useful.

A

Latent Learning

46
Q

Latent Learning shows that…

A

… learning can happen without reinforcement.

47
Q

Insight

A

Sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem.

48
Q

Helps us to quickly find a solution.

A

Insight

48
Q

“aha” moment

A

Insight

48
Q

Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation due to a history of repeated failures.

A

Learned Helplessness

49
Q

Observational Learning

A

Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

50
Q

Attention, Memory, Imitation, Desire

A

Four Elements of Observational Learning

51
Q

Observer must first pay attention to demonstrater.

A

Attention

52
Q

Memory

A

Observer must be able to remember demonstrater’s behavior.

53
Q

Observer must be able to imitate demonstrater.

A

Imitation

54
Q

Desire

A

Observer must have the motivation to preform behavior.

55
Q

UCS

A

Unconditioned Stimulus

56
Q

UCR

A

Unconditioned Response

57
Q

CS

A

Conditioned Stimulus

58
Q

CR

A

Conditioned Response

59
Q

Conditioned Stimulus must come before…

A

…Unconditioned Stimulus

60
Q

Conditioned Stimulus and Unconditioned Stimulus…

A

…must come very close together in time

61
Q

Conditioned Stimulus must be paired with…

A

…the Unconditioned Stimulus many times

62
Q

Conditioned stimulus must be…

A

…Distinct from other competing stimuli

63
Q

Positive

A

Adding

64
Q

Negative

A

Removing or Avoiding

65
Q

Adding something valued or desired

A

Positive Reinforcement

66
Q

Adding something unpleasant

A

Positive Punishment

67
Q

Removing or Avoiding Something unpleasant

A

Negative Reinforcement

68
Q

Removing or Avoiding something valued or desired

A

Negative Punishment

69
Q

First to study learning of voluntary responses

A

Thorndike

70
Q

Developed Law of Effect

A

Thorndike

71
Q

Led field of behaviorism after Watson

A

Skinner

72
Q

Worked with rats in a mazr

A

Tolman

73
Q

Suggested animals form a cognitive map of the physical layout of the maze

A

Tolman

74
Q

Worked with chimpanzees, set up. a problem situation

A

Kohler

75
Q

Chimp first exhibited trial-and-error approach

A

Kohler

76
Q

Later appeared to experience sudden insight into solving the problem

A

Kohler

77
Q

Originally studied escape and avoidance learning in dogs

A

Seligman

78
Q

Discovered that the animals did nothing in a specific situation

A

Seligman

79
Q

Learning occurs but behavior not manifested until organism has reason to demonstrate it

A

Latent Learning

80
Q

Tendencey to fail to act to escape from a sitiuation because of a history of repeated failures

A

Learned Helplessness

81
Q

Encoding Failure

A

The info. is not attented to and fails to be encoded

82
Q

Info. that is not accessed decays from the storage system over time

A

Decay or Disuse

83
Q

Proactive Interference

A

Older info. already in memory interferes with the learning of newer info.

84
Q

Newer info. interferes with the retrieval of older info.

A

Retroactive Interference

Psychology (9 decks)

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