Leadership

Question 1

Leadership definition

Answer 1

The behavioural processes through which one person influences another person, or a group, toward attaining a specific set of objectives or goals

Question 2

Approaches to understanding leadership (4)

Answer 2

-Trait or Personality (e.g. Big 5 personality factors; neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, consciousness)
-Skills Approach or Capabilities (e.g. technical, human, conceptual)
-Style Approach or Behaviours (e.g. task, relationships, authoritative)
-Situational Approach or Adaptable Leader (e.g. different situations required different types of leadership)

Question 3

Personality and leadership

Answer 3

-Early research suggested leadership component of personality (Ogilvie, 1968; Tutko et al., 1969)
-Further research in 1960s and 1970s failed to prove link

-Meta-analysis found some personality traits associated with leader emergence and effectiveness, specifically: higher extraversion, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and lower neuroticism

*Overall, weak evidence linking personality and leadership

Question 4

Situational influence of leadership

Answer 4

Most-used framework for understanding leadership in sport
-Multidimensional Model of Leadership

Question 5

Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS)

Answer 5

-Tests multidimensional model of leadership, questionnaire
-Includes 5 subgroups of leadership behaviours:

1. Training and instruction
2. Positive feedback
3. Social support
4. Autocratic
5. Democratic

Some support for multidimensional model of leadership mainly that training and instruction, positive feedback and social support affect athletes’ satisfaction

Question 6

Multidimensional model

Answer 6

Situational characteristics-> required behaviour + member characteristics-> preferred behaviour +leader characteristics all lead to actual behaviour, which correlates with member satisfaction and group performance

Question 7

Full range model

Answer 7

Ranges from not engaged (laissez-faire) to engaged (transformational and toxic).

Laissez-faire (not effective), neutral, transactional, transformational (effective) + toxic (not effective)

Question 8

Laissez-faire leadership

Answer 8

-A “hands-off” approach
-Involves behaviours: showing disinterest, avoiding responsibilities and decision-making

*ineffective, no engagement

Question 9

Neutral leadership

Answer 9

-Going through the motions
-Involves behaviours like: vague cues, passive instruction, organization, feedback

*in the middle

Question 10

Transactional leadership

Answer 10

-Reinforces standards and expectations through rewards or punishments
-Involves behaviours: discussing rewards and punishments, monitoring or reacting to errors

*in the middle

Question 11

Toxic leadership

Answer 11

-Negative attitudes or feelings towards athletes
-Involves behaviours: expressing anger and hostility, modelling anti-social behaviours

*ineffective, engaged

Question 12

Transformational leadership

Answer 12

-Leaders developing followers into leaders
-Small, everyday behaviours contributing to transformational change

*effective, engaged

-Leads to social cohesion, increased personal and social skills, motivation and performance, lower aggression
-Changes how athletes feel about their tasks, themselves, their relationships and their environment
-Shows athletes they are important and what they do is important

Question 13

Transformational leadership (4 I’s)

Answer 13

1. Idealized influence
2. Inspirational motivation
3. Intellectual stimulation
4. Individualized consideration

Question 14

Idealized influence coaching behaviours

Answer 14

-Discussing and modelling pro-social values/behaviours
-Showing vulnerability and humility

*practice what you preach

Question 15

Inspirational motivation coaching behaviours

Answer 15

-Discussing goals and expectations
-Expressing confidence in athlete’s capabilities
-Implementing a collective vision
-Providing meaningful and challenging tasks and roles

*believe in your athletes

Question 16

Intellectual stimulation coaching behaviours

Answer 16

-Eliciting athlete input
-Sharing decision making and leadership responsibilities
-Emphasizing the learning process

*involve athlete in coaching process

Question 17

Individualized consideration coaching behaviours

Answer 17

-Showing interest in athletes’ feelings and perspectives
-Recognizing athlete accomplishments and contributions

*person-centred approach

Question 18

Social identity

Answer 18

The aspect of people’s self concept associated with membership in the social groups to which they identify and belong.

Question 19

Social identity and leadership

Answer 19

Social identities that form within groups can be powerful motivators toward both individual and collective behaviours.

Leadership behaviours:
-Language used by leaders (i.e., developing a sense of “us” or “we”)
-Implementing strategies that emphasize unity and distinctiveness
-Reinforcing personal bonds and connectivity with the team
*When fostering social identities, athlete leaders were able to enhance team performance

Question 20

Athlete leader

Answer 20

A team member acting in a formal or informal capacity, who guides and influences other team members towards a common objective

Question 21

4 functions of leaders on teams

Answer 21

-Help accomplish task objectives (i.e., mentoring new members)
-Address social needs by promoting team harmony and organizing team activities
-Represent team at external functions
-Motivate his/her peers

Question 22

Who typically emerges as a leader

Answer 22

-Highly skilled, veteran, well-liked, intrinsically motivated, and centrally located individuals
-Formal role is the most visible mechanism
-Informal leaders who may provide support, advice, and guidance tend to be the best leaders

Question 23

Followership

Answer 23

The way in which followers interact with and respond to a leader.
-To what extent is effective leadership dependent on the personal characteristics and behaviours of those being led?

Question 24

Being a productive follower (4)

Answer 24

1. A collective orientation
2. Active independent thinking
3. Transparency in relationships
4. Receptivity to others’ viewpoints.
   *There is a time and place for follower input.

Question 25

Exercise leadership

Answer 25

-Exercise leaders may impact participants’ physical and mental well-being
-Enriched leadership style positively related to greater exercise enjoyment, attendance, and satisfaction.

*4 I’s of transformational leadership applied to exercise leaders

Question 26

Personal trainers can foster interactions characterized by: (5)

Answer 26

1. Attention to clients’ personal and psychological needs
2. Encouragement, enthusiasm, and optimism
3. Behaviours that build trust and respect
4. Appropriate role modelling
5. Enriched (versus bland) exercise program