LE2 - Blood Nematodes Flashcards

Question

Which species has a microfilaria with a tail that is pointed with nuclei extending up to the tip? A) Wuchereria bancrofti B) Brugia malayi C) Loa loa D) Onchocerca volvulus

Answer 1

C) Loa loa Rationale: Loa loa's microfilaria has a tail that is pointed with nuclei extending up to the tip.

Answer 2

D) Onchocerca volvulus Rationale: Onchocerca volvulus's microfilaria has a sheath that is absent.

Answer 3

C) Bancroftian filariasis Rationale: Wuchereria bancrofti is specifically known as Bancroftian filariasis, distinguishing it from other filarial diseases.

Answer 4

B) Lymphatics Rationale: The adult Wuchereria bancrofti resides in the lymphatics, leading to lymphatic obstructions and associated symptoms.

Answer 5

B) Thread-like, smooth-skinned, tapered on both ends but bluntly rounded at the terminal part Rationale: The adult Wuchereria bancrofti has a distinct thread-like appearance with smooth skin and a specific tapered morphology.

Answer 6

B) Nocturnal (10 pm - 2 am) Rationale: The microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti exhibits nocturnal periodicity, making it most prevalent in the peripheral blood during the night hours of 10 pm to 2 am. Nocturnal (10 pm - 2 am) -Wuchereria bancrofti -Brugia malayi

Answer 7

C) Black flies Rationale: Black flies are vectors for Onchocerca volvulus. Wuchereria bancrofti is primarily transmitted by Aedex, Culex, Mansonia, and Anopheles mosquitoes.

Answer 8

C) 244-296 um x 7.5-10 um Rationale: The microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti has a specific size range of 244-296 um in length and 7.5-10 um in width.

Answer 9

C) Pointed with tip free of nuclei Rationale: The tail of the microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti is pointed and is devoid of nuclei at its tip.

Answer 10

C) Blue/pale Rationale: The sheath of the microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti, when stained, presents a blue or pale appearance.

Answer 11

B) Bluntly rounded with a short cephalic space devoid of nuclei Rationale: The anterior end of the microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti is bluntly rounded and has a short cephalic space that lacks nuclei.

Answer 12

C) Graceful sweeping curves with a central column of cells Rationale: The body of the microfilaria of Wuchereria bancrofti has graceful sweeping curves and features a central column of cells.

Answer 13

D) Aedes albopictus Rationale: While Aedex, Culex, and Anopheles are vectors for Wuchereria bancrofti, Aedes albopictus is not typically associated with its transmission.

Answer 14

C) Thread-like, smooth-skinned, tapered on both ends but bluntly rounded at the terminal part Rationale: The adult Wuchereria bancrofti is characterized by its thread-like appearance, smooth skin, and a specific tapered morphology with a bluntly rounded terminal part.

Answer 15

C. Malayan filariasis Rationale: Brugia malayi is commonly referred to as Malayan filariasis, distinguishing it from other filarial worms.

Answer 16

B. Lymphatics Rationale: The adult Brugia malayi resides in the lymphatics, which are part of the lymphatic system responsible for transporting lymph throughout the body.

Answer 17

B. Similar to W. bancrofti but smaller Rationale: Brugia malayi has a morphology that is similar to Wuchereria bancrofti, but it is smaller in size.

Answer 18

B. Nocturnal (10 pm - 2 am) Rationale: Brugia malayi shows nocturnal periodicity, being most active in the peripheral blood between 10 pm and 2 am.

Answer 19

C. Black flies Rationale: Brugia malayi is transmitted by Aedex, Culex, Mansonia, and Anopheles mosquitoes. Black flies are not vectors for Brugia malayi.

Answer 20

A. sabi dun sa isa mong sagot tapos ni chatgpt Rationale: The microfilaria of Brugia malayi measures approximately 220 x 6 um in size.

Answer 21

C. Pointed with 2 terminal nuclei Rationale: The tail of Brugia malayi microfilaria is pointed and has a distinguishing feature of 2 terminal nuclei, which is diagnostic.

Answer 22

C. Pink Rationale: The sheath of Brugia malayi microfilaria stains pink when treated with Giemsa stain.

Answer 23

C. Bluntly rounded with long cephalic space devoid of nuclei Rationale: The anterior end of Brugia malayi microfilaria is described as bluntly rounded with a long cephalic space that lacks nuclei.

Answer 24

B. Stiff with secondary kinks Rationale: The body of Brugia malayi microfilaria is characterized as stiff with secondary kinks.

Answer 25

C. It has a constriction between the terminal and subterminal nuclei Rationale: The tail of Brugia malayi microfilaria is pointed and has a constriction between the terminal and subterminal nuclei, which is a distinguishing feature.

Answer 26

D. Similar but smaller in size Rationale: Brugia malayi has an adult morphology that is similar to Wuchereria bancrofti, but it is notably smaller in size.

Answer 27

c) Eye worm causing Calabar or Fugitive swelling Rationale: The information provided states that the other name for Loa loa is "Eye worm causing Calabar or Fugitive swelling."

Answer 28

b) Connective tissue, conjunctiva Rationale: The location of the adult Loa loa is specified as "Connective tissue, conjunctiva."

Answer 29

c) Thin and transparent Rationale: The adult morphology of Loa loa is described as "Thin and transparent."

Answer 30

b) Diurnal Rationale: The periodicity of Loa loa is mentioned as "Diurnal."

Answer 31

d) Tabanid flies Rationale: The insect vector for Loa loa is specified as "Tabanid flies (genus Chrysops)."

Answer 32

C sa iba mo b) 270 × 8 um Rationale: The size of Loa loa's microfilaria is given as "270 × 8 um."

Answer 33

c) Pointed with nuclei extending up to tip Rationale: The tail of Loa loa's microfilaria is described as "Pointed with nuclei extending up to tip."

Answer 34

d) Present, stains lightly or transparent Rationale: The sheath of Loa loa's microfilaria is mentioned as "Present, stains lightly or transparent."

Answer 35

b) Rounded with very small or no cephalic spaces

Answer 36

c) Irregular curves; corkscrew appearance

Answer 37

c) Absent sheath

Answer 38

c) Chrysops

Answer 39

c) Convoluted filaria causing Onchocerciasis or River Blindness Rationale: The other name for "Onchocerca volvulus" is "Convoluted filaria causing Onchocerciasis or River Blindness".

Answer 40

c) Subcutaneous tissue Rationale: The adult "Onchocerca volvulus" is located in the subcutaneous tissue.

Answer 41

b) Posterior end is curved ('curved tail') Rationale: The adult morphology of "Onchocerca volvulus" is described as having a curved posterior end, which is why it's named "onchocerca".

Answer 42

b) Skin, eyes Rationale: The microfilaria of "Onchocerca volvulus" is located in the skin and eyes.

Answer 43

c) Black flies (genus Simulium) Rationale: "Onchocerca volvulus" is transmitted by black flies of the genus Simulium.

Answer 44

c) 200 × 360 um Rationale: The size of the microfilaria of "Onchocerca volvulus" is 200 × 360 um.

Answer 45

c) Finely pointed with tip free of nuclei Rationale: The tail of the microfilaria of "Onchocerca volvulus" is finely pointed with its tip free of nuclei.

Answer 46

c) Absent Rationale: The microfilaria of "Onchocerca volvulus" does not have a sheath.

Answer 47

c) The adult form is located in subcutaneous tissue. Rationale: The adult "Onchocerca volvulus" is located in the subcutaneous tissue.

Answer 48

c) Ozzard's filaria causing Mansonelliasis Rationale: The other name for Mansonella ozzardi is "Ozzard's filaria causing Mansonelliasis".

Answer 49

d) Body cavities (peritoneum, pleura) Rationale: The adult Mansonella ozzardi is located in the body cavities, specifically the peritoneum and pleura.

Answer 50

b) Peripheral blood Rationale: The microfilaria of Mansonella ozzardi is located in the peripheral blood.

Answer 51

c) Midges (genus Cullicoides) Rationale: The insect vector for Mansonella ozzardi is the midges, specifically of the genus Cullicoides.

Answer 52

c) 240 × 360 um Rationale: The size of Mansonella ozzardi's microfilaria is 240 × 360 um.

Answer 53

c) Pointed with tip free of nuclei Rationale: The tail of Mansonella ozzardi's microfilaria is pointed and the tip is free of nuclei.

Answer 54

c) Absent Rationale: Mansonella ozzardi's microfilaria does not have a sheath.

Answer 55

b) Dipetalonema perstans Rationale: The other name specifically mentioned for "Mansonella perstans" is "Dipetalonema perstans".

Answer 56

d) Body cavities (peritoneum, pleura) Rationale: The adult "Mansonella perstans" is located in the body cavities, specifically the peritoneum and pleura.

Answer 57

b) Peripheral blood (non-periodic) Rationale: The microfilaria of "Mansonella perstans" is located in the peripheral blood and is non-periodic.

Answer 58

c) Midges (genus Cullicoides) Rationale: The insect vector for "Mansonella perstans" is specifically the midges from the genus Cullicoides.

Answer 59

c) 180 × 4 um Rationale: The size of the microfilaria of "Mansonella perstans" is specifically 180 × 4 um.

Answer 60

c) Bluntly rounded with nuclei continuous up to tip Rationale: The tail of the microfilaria of "Mansonella perstans" is bluntly rounded with nuclei continuous up to the tip.

Answer 61

c) Absent Rationale: The sheath of the microfilaria of "Mansonella perstans" is specifically mentioned as absent.

Answer 62

c) Nematodes Rationale: Filarial worms are nematodes that inhabit blood and tissues.

Answer 63

b) Blood-sucking insect bites Rationale: Filarial worms are transmitted through the bites of blood-sucking insects.

Answer 64

b) Blood and tissues Rationale: Filarial worms are found in subcutaneous tissues, the lymphatic system, or body cavities of humans.

Answer 65

c) Caudal bursa Rationale: Male filarial worms do not have a caudal bursa.

Answer 66

d) Longer than males and viviparous Rationale: Female worms are longer than males and are viviparous, meaning they give birth to live larvae called microfilariae.

Answer 67

d) Plasmodium vivax Rationale: Plasmodium vivax is a protozoan responsible for malaria, not a filarial worm.

Answer 68

b) Two Rationale: The life cycle of filarial worms involves two hosts: a definitive host (man) and an intermediate host (blood-sucking arthropods).

Answer 69

d) Tuberculosis Rationale: Tuberculosis is caused by bacteria, not filarial worms.

Answer 70

d) Stool examination Rationale: Filarial worms are diagnosed using blood films, lymphatic fluids, or tissue biopsies, not stool examination.

Answer 71

c) Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) Rationale: Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is used to reduce the rate of microfilaria in the population.

Answer 72

c) Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis Rationale: Angiostrongylus cantonensis is responsible for causing Eosinophilic Meningoencephalitis, also known as angiostrongyliasis.

Answer 73

c) Rats Rationale: Rats are the natural hosts for Angiostrongylus cantonensis.

Answer 74

a) Barber's pole appearance Rationale: The female adult of Angiostrongylus cantonensis has a diagnostic feature of a barber's pole appearance.

Answer 75

c) Small bursa copulatrix at the posterior end Rationale: The male adult of Angiostrongylus cantonensis features a small bursa copulatrix at the posterior end.

Answer 76

C) Trichina worm Rationale: Trichinella spiralis is commonly referred to as the Trichina worm.

Answer 77

B) Trichinosis Rationale: Trichinella spiralis causes the disease Trichinosis.

Answer 78

C) Mucosa of small intestine Rationale: The adult worm of Trichinella spiralis resides in the mucosa of the small intestine.

Answer 79

C) Inadequately cooked pork Rationale: The major source of human infection is the consumption of inadequately cooked pork.

Answer 80

A) Free-living stage Rationale: Trichinella spiralis does not have a free-living stage in its life cycle.

Answer 81

B) Thin and pointed Rationale: The anterior half of the adult Trichinella spiralis is thin and pointed, which is adapted for burrowing.

Answer 82

B) Viviparous (give birth to live larvae) Rationale: Female Trichinella spiralis are viviparous and discharge live larvae.

Answer 83

C) Ivermectin Rationale: Thiabendazole, mebendazole, and albendazole are treatments for Trichinosis, but Ivermectin is not mentioned as a treatment.

Answer 84

C) Encystation Rationale: The encystation stage of Trichinosis is characterized by muscle pain and fever.

Answer 85

D) Man Rationale: Man is considered the dead-end host for the parasite as cysts in human muscles are unlikely to be consumed by another host.

Answer 86

D) Prolonged freezing Rationale: Prolonged freezing can decontaminate meat from infective larvae, while smoking, salting, or drying does not destroy them.

Answer 87

D) Muscle pseudohypertrophy Rationale: Muscle pseudohypertrophy is a result of encysted larvae, not a symptom during the larval migration stage.

Answer 88

C) Biceps Rationale: The parasites preferably lodge in muscles poor in glycogen, such as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.

Answer 89

D) Consumption of infected meat Rationale: Infection can be transmitted from pig-to-pig primarily through the consumption of infected meat.

Answer 90

C) Claspers Rationale: The male has a pair of pear-shaped clasping papillae (claspers) used to hold the female during mating.

Answer 91

C) Trichinella antibody test Rationale: The Trichinella antibody test is a serologic test used for diagnosing Trichinosis.

Answer 92

A) Invasion Rationale: During the invasion stage of Trichinosis, symptoms like epigastric pain, vomiting, and nausea are observed.

Answer 93

c) Human toxocariasis Rationale: VLM is also known as human toxocariasis, which is characterized by the presence of migrating larva in visceral organs.

Answer 94

c) Toxocara canis Rationale: The most common causative agent of VLM is Toxocara canis.

Answer 95

c) Dogs Rationale: The primary host for Toxocara canis is the dog, where the adult worms primarily reside in the intestines.

Answer 96

b) Spherical body Rationale: The adult Toxocara canis has a cylindrical body with tapered ends, not a spherical body.

Answer 97

b) Spherical Rationale: The egg of Toxocara canis is slightly spherical in shape.

Answer 98

d) Liver Rationale: The liver is the most common site reached by the migrating larva of Toxocara canis.

Answer 99

c) Eyes Rationale: When the larva reaches the eyes, it causes a condition known as ocular larva migrans.

Answer 100

d) Hypercalcemia Rationale: The disease VLM is marked by a triad of symptoms: hypereosinophilia, hepatomegaly, and hyperglobulinemia. Hypercalcemia is not a part of this triad.

Answer 101

b) Tissue biopsy Rationale: Tissue biopsy involves the removal and examination of a tissue sample for diagnostic purposes.

Answer 102

c) Thiabendazole Rationale: Thiabendazole is one of the drugs used for the treatment of VLM.

Answer 103

c) Small intestine Rationale: The embryonated egg of Toxocara canis hatches in the small intestines after ingestion.

Answer 104

b) Long & narrow cervical alae Rationale: The long & narrow cervical alae at the anterior of the adult Toxocara canis is a diagnostic feature.

Answer 105

b) Ingestion of embryonated eggs from contaminated sources Rationale: Humans get infected by ingesting embryonated eggs from contaminated food, drinks, or surfaces.

Answer 106

a) Granuloma formation Rationale: The migration of the larva in VLM leads to eosinophilic inflammation and granuloma formation.

Answer 107

c) Dogs Rationale: The larva of Toxocara canis will mature into an adult worm only in cats or dogs, not in humans.

Answer 108

c) Kidneys Rationale: The larva reaches various sites such as the liver, lungs, brain, and eyes. Kidneys are not mentioned as a common site for larva migration.

Answer 109

c) Dogs Rationale: The primary host for Toxocara canis is the dog.

Answer 110

c) Corticosteroids Rationale: Corticosteroids are used alongside Thiabendazole for the treatment of VLM.

Answer 111

b) Thick, coarsely pitted eggshell Rationale: The egg of Toxocara canis features a thick, coarsely pitted eggshell, which is a diagnostic characteristic.

Answer 112

d) Hyperkalemia Rationale: The disease VLM is marked by hypereosinophilia, hepatomegaly, hyperglobulinemia. Hyperkalemia is not a result of larva migration in VLM.