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MICRO/PARA > LE 2 - PARA > Flashcards

LE 2 - PARA Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Diagnosis of infestation with these blood and tissue nematodes is by:
    a. Identification of eggs in the feces
    b. Identification of microfilariae in stained blood smear
    c. Serology
    d. Identification of the adult filariae
A

b. Identification of microfilariae in stained blood smear

Rationale: Blood and tissue nematodes, such as filarial worms, produce microfilariae that circulate in the blood. A stained blood smear is used to identify these microfilariae, which aids in the diagnosis of the infestation.

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2
Q
  1. The intermediate host of Onchocerca volvulus is
    a. Culex
    b. Anopheles
    c. Chrysops
    d. Simulium
A

d. Simulium

Rationale: Onchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of river blindness, uses the blackfly of the genus Simulium as its intermediate host. The larvae and adult worms live in the human body, and when the blackfly bites an infected person, it picks up the microfilariae, which then develop into infective larvae inside the fly. When the fly bites another person, these larvae are transmitted, leading to infection.

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3
Q
  1. The technique used to concentrate microfilariae in the specimen before staining by adding formalin then centrifuging is
    a. List technique
    b. Knott technique
    c. Agar technique
    d. Hyder technique
A

b. Knott technique

Rationale: The Knott technique is a method used to concentrate microfilariae from a blood sample. The technique involves mixing the blood with formalin, which lyses the red blood cells. The sample is then centrifuged to concentrate the microfilariae, which can be stained and examined under a microscope.

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4
Q

The thin, translucent eggshell remnant covering the body of the microfilaria and extending past the head and tail is
a. Excretory pore
b. Nerve ring
c. Sheath
d. Cephalic space

A

c. Sheath

Rationale: The sheath is a characteristic feature of certain microfilariae. It is a thin, translucent covering that remains after the egg hatches. The presence or absence of a sheath, as well as its characteristics, can be used to differentiate between different species of microfilariae.

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5
Q

The filaria shows no periodicity in the peripheral blood
a. W. bancrofti
b. B. malayi
c. L. loa
d. O. volvulus

A

d. O. volvulus

Rationale: Onchocerca volvulus is the causative agent of onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness. The microfilariae of O. volvulus do not exhibit periodicity in the peripheral blood because they are primarily found in the skin and not in the blood. The adult worms form nodules in the skin, and the microfilariae migrate within the skin, causing itching and other skin manifestations. They are transmitted by the bite of the Simulium blackfly.

W. bancrofti (Wuchereria bancrofti): nocturnal periodicity in the peripheral blood
B. malayi (Brugia malayi): nocturnal periodicity in the peripheral blood
L. loa (Loa loa): diurnal periodicity (daylight hours)

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6
Q

The following microfilaria has sheath except:
a. W. bancrofti
b. O. volvulus
c. L. loa
d. B. malayi

A

b. O. volvulus

Rationale: The microfilariae of
Wuchereria bancrofti,
Brugia malayi,
Loa loa
have a sheath. However, the microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus do not have a sheath. They are typically found in the skin and are responsible for the skin manifestations of onchocerciasis.

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7
Q

Localized subcutaneous edema caused by Loa loa are more commonly called:
a. Calabar swelling
b. Onchocernomas
c. Elephantiasis
d. Weingarten’s syndrome

A

a. Calabar / Fugitive swelling
These are localized, painful, subcutaneous swellings caused by the migration of adult Loa loa worms. They are named after the Calabar region in Nigeria where they were first described.

Onchocernomas: adult worms of Onchocerca
Elephantiasis: Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi.
Weingarten’s syndrome

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8
Q

The major cause of blindness in Africa is:
a. Elephantiasis
b. Onchocerciasis
c. Weingarten’s syndrome
d. Calabar swelling

A

b. Onchocerciasis

Also known as river blindness, it is caused by the nematode Onchocerca volvulus. The microfilariae migrate to the skin and eyes, causing itching, skin nodules, and blindness.

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9
Q

The normal animal host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the:
a. Cat
b. Dog
c. Sheep
d. Rat

A

d. Rat

Rats are the definitive hosts for Angiostrongylus cantonensis, which is also known as the rat lungworm.

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10
Q

Chronic elephentiasis develops because of:
a. Allergy
b. Increased number of eosinophilia
c. Obstruction of lymphatics
d. Blindness

A

c. Obstruction of lymphatics

Chronic elephantiasis occurs due to the obstruction of lymphatic vessels by adult filarial worms, leading to the accumulation of fluid and enlargement of the affected body part.

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11
Q

The specimen from a 48 y/o male showed an unsheathed microfilaria, head is 2x longer than broad, and no nuclei in tail tip, characteristic of:
a. W. bancrofti
b. O. volvulus
c. L. loa
d. B. malayi

A

b. O. volvulus

Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae are unsheathed, with a head that is about twice as long as it is broad, and they lack nuclei in the tail tip.

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12
Q

This nematode resides in striated muscle tissue forming granuloma and calcification
a. W. bancrofti
b. O. volvulus
c. L. loa
d. T. spiralis

A

d. T. spiralis

Trichinella spiralis is a nematode that infects striated muscle tissue, leading to the formation of granulomas and calcifications.

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13
Q
  1. this microfilariae is seen in skin snips of nodule
    a. W. bancrofti
    b. O. volvulus
    c. L. loa
    d. B. malayi
A

b. O. volvulus

Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae are found in skin snips, especially from nodules. This is a diagnostic method for onchocerciasis or “river blindness.”

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14
Q

The vector for Loa-loa
a. Simulium
b. Chrysops
с. Anopheles
d. Culex

A

b. Chrysops

Loa loa, the African eye worm, is transmitted to humans through the bite of the deerfly or mango fly of the genus Chrysops.

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15
Q
  1. The intermediate host of O. volvulus is
    a. Simulium
    b. Chrysops
    с. Anopheles
    d. Culex
A

a. Simulium

Onchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of river blindness, is transmitted to humans through the bite of black flies of the genus Simulium.

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16
Q
  1. Life cycle is accomplished in dogs, with humans as accidental hosts.
    a. W. bancrofti
    b. O. volvulus
    c. T. canis
    d. B. malayi
A

c. T. canis

Toxocara canis is a roundworm found in dogs. Humans can become infected if they accidentally ingest infective eggs, but they are accidental hosts and not part of the normal life cycle.

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17
Q
  1. The definitive host of this tapeworm are dogs and other wild canines and intermediate hosts includes sheep, goat, and cattles
    a. Echinococcus granulosus
    b. Taenia solium
    c. Hymenolepsis nana
    d. Diphyllobothrium latum
A

a. Echinococcus granulosus

Echinococcus granulosus has a life cycle involving dogs and other wild canines as definitive hosts, where the adult worm resides. The intermediate hosts, where the larval stages develop, include sheep, goats, and cattle.

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18
Q
  1. This tapeworm is known to be the most common and smallest tapeworm infecting humans.
    a. Echinococcus granulosus
    b. Taenia solium
    c. Hymenolepsis nana
    d. Diphyllobothrium latum
A

c. Hymenolepsis nana

Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, is the most common tapeworm infection in humans and is also the smallest tapeworm that infects humans.

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19
Q
  1. The largest Tapeworm found in man
    a. Echinococcus granulosus
    b. Taenia solium
    c. Hymenolepsis nana
    d. Diphyllobothrium latum
A

d. Diphyllobothrium latum

Diphyllobothrium latum, also known as the broad or fish tapeworm, is the largest tapeworm that can infect humans. It can reach lengths of up to 10 meters or more.

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20
Q
  1. The most important finding in Toxocariasis is
    a. Leukocytosis
    b. Elevated IgM
    c. Peripheral blood eosinophilia
    d. Thrombocytopenia
A

c. Peripheral blood eosinophilia

Toxocariasis, caused by the larval stages of the dog roundworm Toxocara canis, often presents with peripheral blood eosinophilia. Eosinophilia is a common finding in many parasitic infections and is particularly pronounced in toxocariasis.

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21
Q
  1. Migration of the larva of nematode to the posterior segment of the eye causes ocular larva migrans which can cause unilateral visual loss, leukocoria, and retinal detachment
    a. W. bancrofti
    b. O. volvulus
    c. T. canis
    d. B. malayi
A

c. T. canis

Ocular larva migrans is caused by the migration of Toxocara canis larvae to the eye. This can lead to severe ocular complications, including unilateral visual loss, leukocoria, and retinal detachment.

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22
Q
  1. The tapeworm whose scolex does not have cup-shaped suckers:
    a. Echinococcus granulosus
    b. Taenia solium
    c. Hymenolepsis nana
    d. Diphyllobothrium latum
A

d. Diphyllobothrium latum

The scolex of Diphyllobothrium latum is characterized by the absence of the typical cup-shaped suckers found in many other tapeworms. Instead, it has two slit-like grooves called bothria that allow it to attach to the host’s intestine.

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23
Q
  1. The intermediate hosts are pigs.
    a. Echinococcus granulosus
    b. Taenia solium
    c. Hymenolepsis nana
    d. Diphyllobothrium latum
A

b. Taenia solium

Taenia solium, also known as the pork tapeworm, uses pigs as its intermediate host. Humans become infected by consuming undercooked pork containing the larval cysts.

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24
Q
  1. The term used for cestodes because both male and female reproductive organs are present in each mature segment:
    a. homophobic
    b. hermaphroditic
    c. hydatidic
    d. clusteric
A

b. hermaphroditic

Cestodes (tapeworms) are hermaphroditic, meaning each mature segment (proglottid) contains both male and female reproductive organs.

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25
Q
  1. The lid-like or cap-like cover on eggs of D. latum is called:
    a. embryo
    b. oncosphere
    с. capsule
    d. operculum
A

d. operculum

The eggs of Diphyllobothrium latum have a characteristic operculum, which is a lid-like or cap-like structure.

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26
Q
  1. The anterior end of a tapeworm which is used to attach to the wall of the host intestine by means of suckers and hooks is called:
    a. scolex
    b. strobilli
    c. proglottid
    d. parenchyma
A

a. scolex

The scolex is the anterior end of a tapeworm and is equipped with structures (like suckers and sometimes hooks) that allow the tapeworm to attach to the host’s intestine.

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27
Q
  1. the only tapeworm that can complete a life cycle w/o an intermediate host
    a. taenia saginata
    b. taenia solium
    с. Hymenolepis nana
    d. diphyllobothriumiatum
A

с. Hymenolepis nana

Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, is unique among human tapeworms in that it can complete its life cycle without an intermediate host. Humans can be infected by ingesting eggs directly, which can then develop into adult worms in the intestine.

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28
Q
  1. the entire body of an adult tapeworm is called
    a. scolex
    b. strobila
    с. proglottid
    d. parenchyma
A

b. strobila

The strobila is the entire chain-like body of the tapeworm, composed of many individual segments called proglottids.

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29
Q
  1. Humans are accidental intermediate hosts of E. granulosus. The normal intermediate host is the
    a. Rat
    b. Cat
    c. Flea
    d. Sheep
A

d. Sheep

Sheep are the primary intermediate hosts for Echinococcus granulosus.
In the sheep’s liver and lungs, the ingested eggs develop into hydatid cysts.
When dogs or other canids consume organs containing these cysts, they become infected with the adult form of the tapeworm.
Humans become accidental hosts when they ingest eggs from contaminated sources, leading to the formation of hydatid cysts in their organs.

Cat/Dog/Flea: Dipylidium caninum

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30
Q
  1. A 28 y/o fisherman developed jaundice and portal hypertension. CT scan showed an encapsulated liver cyst with calcifications, probably due to this tapeworm
    a. Hymenolepis nana
    b. Diphyllobotrium latum
    c. Taenia solium
    d. Echinococcus granulosus
A

d. Echinococcus granulosus

Echinococcus granulosus is responsible for hydatid disease or cystic echinococcosis. Humans become accidental intermediate hosts when they ingest eggs, leading to the formation of hydatid cysts in organs like the liver. These cysts can become large and cause symptoms such as jaundice and portal hypertension. The presence of an encapsulated liver cyst with calcifications on a CT scan is characteristic of this condition.

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31
Q
  1. Symptoms: Epilepsy
    a. Echinococcus granulosus
    b. Taenia solium
    c. Hymenolepsis nana
    d. Diphyllobothrium latum
A

b. Taenia solium

Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm, can cause cysticercosis when humans ingest its eggs. The larvae can form cysts in various tissues, including the brain. When cysts form in the brain, it can lead to neurocysticercosis, which can manifest as seizures or epilepsy.

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32
Q
  1. The external surface of a cestode which is highly absorptive and releases digestive enzyme
    a. Strobila
    b. Proglottid
    c. Scolex
    d. Tegument
A

d. Tegument

The tegument is the external surface of cestodes (tapeworms) and some other helminths. It is a specialized layer that is involved in nutrient absorption and the release of enzymes.

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33
Q

1 The intermediate host of this filaria include the Culex, Audes and Anopheles Mosquitoes
A. Onchocerca Volvulus
B. Brugaya Malayi
C. Wucheria Bancrofti
D. Loa Loa

A

C. Wucheria Bancrofti

Wuchereria bancrofti is a filarial worm that causes lymphatic filariasis or elephantiasis. Its intermediate hosts are mosquitoes, including species from the Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles genera. These mosquitoes transmit the larval stage of the worm to humans during a blood meal.

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34
Q
  1. The vitamin deficiency caused by D. latum
    A. Ricketts
    B. Iron- deficiency anemia
    C. Pernecious anemia
    D. Scurvy
A

C. Pernicious anemia
Rationale: Diphyllobothrium latum, the broad or fish tapeworm, can cause a vitamin B12 deficiency in infected individuals. This deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia, a type of megaloblastic anemia.

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35
Q
  1. The plerocercoid larva of the broadfish tapeworm is also called:
    a. Sparganum
    b. cysticercoid
    c. coracidium
    d. procercoid
A

a. Sparganum
Rationale: The plerocercoid larva of Diphyllobothrium latum is referred to as sparganum. This larval stage can sometimes infect humans, leading to a condition called sparganosis.

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36
Q
  1. The lid-like or cap-like cover on eggs of D. latum is called:
    A. Oncosphere
    B. Hooklets
    C. Capsule
    D. Operculum
A

D. Operculum
Rationale: The eggs of Diphyllobothrium latum have a characteristic operculum, which is a lid-like or cap-like structure.

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37
Q
  1. This is the phase of Trichinella spiralis in human host that can be fatal where death can occur in 4-8 weeks after infection.
    A. Ocular phase
    B. Migration Phase
    C. Intestinal phase
    D. Muscular phase
A

D. Muscular phase
Rationale: Trichinella spiralis infection involves two main phases in humans: the intestinal phase and the muscular phase. The muscular phase, where larvae migrate to and encyst in the muscles, can be particularly severe and is associated with the most serious symptoms. In severe infections, complications during this phase can be fatal.

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38
Q
  1. The armed tapeworm
    A. D. Latum
    B. T. saginata
    C. T. solium
    D. granulosus
A

C. T. solium

Taenia solium, also known as the pork tapeworm, is referred to as the “armed” tapeworm because its scolex (head) has hooks in addition to suckers.

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39
Q
  1. A 28 y/o fisherman developed jaundice and portal hypertension. CT scan showed an encapsulated liver cyst with calcifications, probably due to this tapeworm
    A. Hymenolepis nana
    B. Diphyllobotrium latum
    C. Taenia solium
    D. Echinococcus granulosus
A

D. Echinococcus granulosus

Echinococcus granulosus is responsible for hydatid disease or cystic echinococcosis. The formation of hydatid cysts in organs like the liver can lead to symptoms such as jaundice and portal hypertension.

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40
Q
  1. Humans are accidental intermediate host of E. granulosus. The normal intermediate host is the
    A. Rat
    B. Cat
    C. Flea
    D. Sheep
A

d. Sheep

Sheep are the primary intermediate hosts for Echinococcus granulosus.
In the sheep’s liver and lungs, the ingested eggs develop into hydatid cysts.
When dogs or other canids consume organs containing these cysts, they become infected with the adult form of the tapeworm.
Humans become accidental hosts when they ingest eggs from contaminated sources, leading to the formation of hydatid cysts in their organs.

Cat/Dog/Flea: Dipylidium caninum

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41
Q
  1. The most common cause of human eosinophilic meningitis
    A. Onchocerca volvulus
    B. Trichinella spiralis
    C. Angiostrongylus cantonensis
    D. Trichinella spiralis
A

C. Angiostrongylus cantonensis

Angiostrongylus cantonensis, also known as the rat lungworm, is the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in humans. People get infected by consuming raw or undercooked snails, slugs, or other vectors containing the larvae.

42
Q
  1. The mature strobili of this tapeworm has only 3-4 proglottids
    A. Hymenolepis nana
    B. Taenia solium
    C. Diphyllobotrium latum
    D. Echinococcus granulosus
A

D. Echinococcus granulosus

Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of hydatid disease, has a strobila that typically consists of only 3-4 proglottids when mature.

43
Q
  1. This nematode resides in striated muscle tissue forming granuloma and calcification
    A. Loa lola
    B. Wucheria bancrofti
    C. Onchocerca volvulus
    D. Trichinella spiralis
A

D. Trichinella spiralis

Trichinella spiralis is a nematode that infects striated muscle tissue. After ingestion of infected meat, the larvae migrate to the muscles, where they encyst and can cause granulomas and calcifications.

44
Q
  1. Most common tape worm infection in areas of herding sheep
    A. Hymenolepis nana
    B. Diphyllobotrium latum
    C. Echnococcus granulosus
    D. Taenia solium
A

C. Echnococcus granulosus

Echinococcus granulosus is responsible for hydatid disease or cystic echinococcosis. Sheep are the primary intermediate hosts, and areas with sheep herding are at higher risk for transmission of this tapeworm to humans.

45
Q
  1. Specimen recovered from the stool of an 11 y/o boy presenting with abdominal pain showed ovoid eggs with small knob at. the opercular end, diagnostic of
    A. Diphyllobotrium latum
    B. Hymenolepsis nana
    C. Taenia saginata
    D. Echinococcus granulosus
A

A. Diphyllobotrium latum

A. Diphyllobothrium latum
Rationale: The eggs of Diphyllobothrium latum, also known as the broad or fish tapeworm, are characteristic in that they are ovoid in shape and have an operculum with a small knob. This tapeworm is associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater fish. The described morphology of the eggs matches that of D. latum.

46
Q
  1. A filarial infection characterized with tropical eosinophilia and resembles asthma
    a. Calabar swelling
    b. Weingarten’s syndrome
    c. Elephantiasis
    d. Onchocercoma
A

b. Weingarten’s syndrome
Rationale: Weingarten’s syndrome, also known as tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE), is a syndrome characterized by asthma-like symptoms and high eosinophil counts. It is caused by a filarial infection, typically with Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi, but the symptoms are due to an immune response to the microfilariae rather than the adult worms.

47
Q
  1. The structure within the daughter cyst of Echinococcus granulosus which contain many scolices is called
    a. brood capsule
    b. copepod
    c. proglottid
    d. rostellum
A

a. brood capsule

Rationale: Within the hydatid cysts formed by Echinococcus granulosus, there are structures called brood capsules. These brood capsules contain numerous scolices, which are the larval forms of the tapeworm.

48
Q
  1. This tapeworm causes neurocysticercosis?
    A. Taenia solium
    B. Echinicoccus granulosus
    C. latum
    D. Taenia saginata
A

A. Taenia solium

Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic infection of the central nervous system caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm. Humans become infected when they ingest the eggs of T. solium, which can migrate to the brain and form cysts, leading to neurocysticercosis. This condition can manifest with a variety of neurological symptoms, including seizures.

49
Q
  1. The infective larval stage of D.latum
    A. Coracidium
    B. Procercoid
    C. Plerocercoid
    D. Cysticercoid
A

C. Plerocercoid

Diphyllobothrium latum, also known as the broad or fish tapeworm, has an infective larval stage called the plerocercoid. This larval stage is found in fish, and humans become infected when they consume raw or undercooked fish containing the plerocercoid larvae.

50
Q
  1. The entire body of an adult tapeworm is called
    A. proglottid
    B. strobila
    C. parenchyma
    D. scolex
A

B. strobila

The strobila is the entire body of a tapeworm, composed of a series of segments called proglottids. The strobila starts with the scolex (head) and extends to the terminal proglottids.

51
Q
  1. The eggs of this tapeworm contain filaments emerging from polar thickenings?
    A. Hymenolepis nana
    B. Echinococcus granolosus
    C. Diphyllobotrium latum
    D. Taenia saginata
A

A. Hymenolepis nana

The eggs of Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, are characteristic in that they have polar thickenings from which filaments emerge. This feature distinguishes H. nana eggs from the eggs of many other tapeworm species.

52
Q
  1. This microfilariae is seen in skin snips of nodule:
    a. brugia malayi
    b. Loa loa
    c. Onchocerva volvulus
    d. Wuncheria bancrofti
A

c. Onchocerva volvulus

Onchocerca volvulus is the causative agent of river blindness or onchocerciasis. The microfilariae of this parasite are found in the skin, and skin snips are taken, especially from nodules, to diagnose the infection.

53
Q
  1. Eggs of this tapeworm is immediately infective when passed and cannot survive more than 10 days in the external environment
    A. Hymenolepis nana
    B. Taenia solium
    C. Diphyllobotrium latum
    D. Echinococcus granulosus
A

A. Hymenolepis nana

Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, has eggs that are immediately infective when passed in the feces. This direct life cycle, where the eggs don’t need an intermediate host and can directly infect another definitive host, is unique among tapeworms. The eggs are delicate and cannot survive for extended periods in the environment.

54
Q
  1. These parasites can be transmitted through ingestion of raw/ undercooked meet except:
    A. Trichinella spiralis
    B. Wucheria bancrofti
    C. Taenia solium
    D. Taenia saginata
A

B. Wucheria bancrofti

Wuchereria bancrofti is a filarial worm that causes lymphatic filariasis or elephantiasis. It is transmitted by mosquito bites, not by ingestion of meat. On the other hand, Trichinella spiralis, Taenia solium, and Taenia saginata are all associated with meat consumption.

55
Q
  1. This filaria exhibits diurnal periodicitiy
    A. Loa loa
    B. Onchocerca volvulus
    C. Brugia malayi
    D. Wucheria bancrofti
A

A. Loa loa

Loa loa, also known as the African eye worm, exhibits diurnal periodicity, meaning its microfilariae are most commonly found in the peripheral blood during the day. This periodicity matches the biting habits of its vector, the Chrysops (deer fly or mango fly), which is most active during daylight hours.
W. bancrofti (Wuchereria bancrofti): nocturnal periodicity in the peripheral blood
B. malayi (Brugia malayi): nocturnal periodicity in the peripheral blood
L. loa (Loa loa): diurnal periodicity (daylight hours)

56
Q
  1. The following cestodes are members of the order Cyclophyllidea, except:
    A. Diphyllobotrium latum
    B. Echinococcus granulosus
    C. Taenia saginata
    D. Taenia solium
A

A. Diphyllobothrium latum
Rationale: Diphyllobothrium latum, also known as the broad or fish tapeworm, belongs to the order Pseudophyllidea. The other options, Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia saginata, and Taenia solium, are all members of the order Cyclophyllidea.

57
Q
  1. CSF examination of a 22 y/o male showed large number of Charcot-Leyden crystals in the meninges. This shows possible infestation with
    A. Onchocerca volvulus
    B. Angiostrongylus cantonensis
    C. Trichinella spiralis
    D. Trichinella spiralis
A

B. Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Rationale: Charcot-Leyden crystals in the CSF are indicative of eosinophilic meningitis. Among the options provided, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, also known as the rat lungworm, is a common cause of eosinophilic meningitis.

58
Q
  1. Migration of the larva of nematode to the posterior segment of the eye causes ocular larva migrans which can cause unilateral visual loss, leukotoria, and retinal detachment
    A. Toxocara canis
    B. Wucheria bancrofti
    C. Trichinella spiralis
    D. Angiostrongylus cantonensis
A

A. Toxocara canis
Rationale: Ocular larva migrans is typically caused by the larvae of Toxocara canis, a roundworm commonly found in dogs. When humans accidentally ingest the eggs of this parasite, the larvae can migrate to various tissues, including the eye, leading to the symptoms described.

59
Q
  1. The largest Tapeworm found in man
    A. Taenia Solium
    B. Taenia Saginata
    C. Echinococcus Granulosus
    D. Diphyllobotrium Latum
A

D. Diphyllobothrium latum
Rationale: Diphyllobothrium latum, the broad or fish tapeworm, is considered the longest tapeworm that can infect humans. It can reach lengths of up to 10 meters or more.

60
Q
  1. The intermediate host of O. volvolus is
    A. Simulium
    B. Anopheles
    C. Culex
    D. Chysops
A

A. Simulium
Rationale: Onchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of river blindness or onchocerciasis, is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected black flies of the genus Simulium.

61
Q
  1. The thin, translucent eggshell remnant covering the body of the microflilaria and extending past the head and tail is called
    A. Tail
    B. Excretory pore
    C. Cephalic Space
    D. Sheath
A

D. Sheath
Rationale: Some microfilariae, which are the larval forms of certain filarial worms, are characterized by a thin, translucent covering known as a sheath. This sheath is a remnant of the eggshell and can extend beyond the head and tail of the microfilaria.

62
Q
  1. L3 stage larva of the blood nematodes migrate to this part of the intermediate host (mosquito/fly)
    A. Proboscis
    B. Thoracic muscles
    C. Midgut
    D. Hindgut
A

A. Proboscis

The L3 stage larva, which is the infective stage for humans, migrates to the proboscis of the mosquito or fly. This positioning allows the L3 larvae to be efficiently transmitted to the definitive host (e.g., humans) when the mosquito or fly takes a blood meal. The larvae are then introduced into the host’s bloodstream during the feeding process.

63
Q
  1. The definitive host of this tapeworm are dogs and other wild canines and intermediate hosts includes sheep, goat, and cattles
    A. Taenia solium
    B. Echinococcus granulosus
    C. Hymenolepsis nana
    D. Diphyllobotrium latum
A

B. Echinococcus granulosus
Rationale: Echinococcus granulosus is a tapeworm that has a life cycle involving dogs and other wild canines as definitive hosts. The intermediate hosts, where the larval stages develop into hydatid cysts, include sheep, goats, and cattle.

64
Q
  1. the tapeworm whose scolex does not have cup-shaped suckers
    A. taenia saginata
    B. Echinococcus granulosus
    C. taenia solium
    D. Diphyllobotrium latum
A

D. Diphyllobothrium latum
Rationale: Diphyllobothrium latum, also known as the broad or fish tapeworm, has a scolex that is characterized by bothria (slit-like grooves) rather than the typical cup-shaped suckers found in many other tapeworms.

65
Q
  1. the most important finding in Toxicariasis is
    A. Leukocytosis
    B. Elevated IgM
    C. Peripheral blood eosinophilia
    D. Thrombocytopenia
A

C. Peripheral blood eosinophilia
Rationale: Toxocariasis is an infection caused by the larval stages of the dog and cat roundworms, Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati, respectively. One of the hallmark clinical findings in individuals with toxocariasis is peripheral blood eosinophilia, which indicates an immune response to the migrating larvae.

66
Q
  1. Cluster of cestode with resembing a bunch of grapes
    A. Racemose
    B. Crown
    C. Hydatid
    D. Rostellum
A

A. Racemose

The term “racemose” refers to a cluster or arrangement that resembles a bunch of grapes. In the context of cestodes (tapeworms), a racemose cyst is a type of cyst that has multiple chambers filled with fluid and resembles a bunch of grapes. This is particularly seen in the cysticercus of Taenia solium when it forms in the brain, leading to neurocysticercosis. The other options do not describe a grape-like cluster:

67
Q
  1. These are fibrotic nodules on the skin containing encapsulated adult filarial
    A. Weingarten’s syndrome
    B. Calabar swelling
    C. Onchocercoma
    D. Lymphangitis
A

C. Onchocercoma

Onchocercoma refers to fibrotic nodules on the skin that contain encapsulated adult Onchocerca volvulus, a filarial worm. These nodules are a characteristic feature of onchocerciasis (river blindness).

68
Q

36.Type of host where parasites thrive through sporulation
A. Intermediate host
B. AOTA
C. Indefinite host
D. Definite host

A

A. Intermediate host

Sporulation is a process where certain parasites, especially protozoa, produce spores. This process often occurs in the intermediate host, where the parasite undergoes certain developmental stages but does not reach sexual maturity. The intermediate host is crucial for the parasite’s life cycle, as it allows the parasite to transition between stages and prepare for its eventual transfer to the definite host, where sexual reproduction occurs.

69
Q
  1. The major cause of blindness in africa
    A. Elephantiasis
    B. Wengarteris syndrome
    C. Calabar swelling
    D. Onchocerciasis
A

D. Onchocerciasis

Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is a parasitic disease caused by the nematode Onchocerca volvulus. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blackflies. The disease can cause skin problems and, more seriously, blindness, making it a major cause of blindness in parts of Africa.

70
Q
  1. The term used for cestodes because both male and female reproductive organs are present in each mature segment
    A. Homphobic
    B. Hydatidic
    C. Proglottic
    D. Hermaphroditic
A

D. Hermaphroditic

Hermaphroditic organisms possess both male and female reproductive organs. In cestodes (tapeworms), each mature segment, known as a proglottid, contains both male and female reproductive structures, making them hermaphroditic.

71
Q
  1. The most common site of echinococcosis
    A. leg
    b. skin
    c. eye
    d. liver
A

d. liver

Echinococcosis, also known as hydatid disease, is caused by the larval stages of the tapeworm Echinococcus. The most common site for the formation of hydatid cysts is the liver.

72
Q

40 Also called the hydatid tapeworm
a. Hymenolepsis nana
b. Diphyllobotrium latum
c. Taenia solium
d. Echinococcus granulosus

A

d. Echinococcus granulosus

Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis or hydatid disease. It is commonly referred to as the hydatid tapeworm.

73
Q
  1. Toxocara infection manifesting as fatigue, pneumonia, abdominal pain caused by migration of larva to internal organs
    A. Visceral larva migrans
    B. Eosinophilia
    C. Covert toxocariasis
    D. Ocular Larva Migrans
A

A. Visceral larva migrans

Visceral larva migrans (VLM) is a condition caused by the migration of nematode larvae, such as Toxocara, through internal organs. It manifests with symptoms like fatigue, pneumonia, and abdominal pain due to the inflammatory response to the migrating larvae.

74
Q
  1. The term used when T. solium eggs accidentally hatch in the human intestine and the larvae migrate and form thin- walled fluid-filled bladder-like cyst in any organ
    A. Taeniasis
    B. Cysticercosis
    C. Dibothriasis
    D. Echinococcosis
A

B. Cysticercosis

Cysticercosis is caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium. When T. solium eggs are ingested, they can hatch in the human intestine, and the larvae can then migrate to various tissues, forming cysticerci. These are thin-walled, fluid-filled cysts that can develop in various organs, including the brain, muscles, and eyes.

75
Q
  1. The infective stage of tapeworms are:
    A. 1st stage larva
    B. 2nd stage larva
    C. 3rd stage larva
    D. 4th stage larva
A

C. 3rd stage larva
Rationale:
For most tapeworms, the infective stage that humans or other definitive hosts ingest is the third stage larva, often referred to as the cysticercus or metacestode. This stage develops within intermediate hosts and, once ingested by the definitive host, matures into the adult tapeworm.

76
Q
  1. Mode of transmission of Toxicara canis from dogs to their puppies except:
    A. None of the above
    B. hematogenous
    C. Transplacental
    D. Transmammary
A

B. hematogenous
Rationale:
Toxocara canis, a roundworm that infects dogs, can be transmitted to puppies transplacentally (before birth) and transmammary (through the mother’s milk). Hematogenous transmission (through the bloodstream) is not a recognized mode of transmission for T. canis from dogs to their puppies.

77
Q
  1. Treatment of the threatening infection of T. spiralis
    A. Ivermectin
    B. Diethylcarbamazine
    C. All of the choices are correct
    D. Thiabendazole
A

C. All of the choices are correct

78
Q
  1. Passage of larvae in humans of this nematode has never been documented and humans do not transmit them
    A. T.spiralis
    B. T.canis
    C. T.solium
    D. A.cantonensis
A

D. A.cantonensis
Rationale:
Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a nematode that causes eosinophilic meningitis. Humans can become infected by ingesting larvae from raw or undercooked snails, slugs, or other vectors. However, the passage of larvae in human feces has not been documented, and humans do not transmit the infection.

79
Q

47 The only tapeworm that can complete a life cycle without an intermediate host
A. T. solium
B. E. granulosus
C. D. Latum
D. H nana

A

D. H nana
Rationale:
Hymenolepis nana, also known as the dwarf tapeworm, is unique among tapeworms because it can complete its life cycle without an intermediate host. Humans can become infected by ingesting eggs directly, and the larvae can develop into adult tapeworms within the human intestine. This direct life cycle is not seen in other tapeworms like T. solium, E. granulosus, or D. Latum, which require intermediate hosts.

80
Q
  1. Scolex recovered from an 8 y/o male treated with an antihelminthic was noted to have 4 suckers with a double crown characteristic
    A. T. solium
    B. D. latum
    C. E. granulosus
A

A. T. solium

The scolex of Taenia solium, the pork tapeworm, is characterized by having four suckers and a rostellum with a double crown of hooks. This is distinctive and helps differentiate it from other tapeworms.

81
Q
  1. Localized subcutaneous edema caused by loa loa are more commonly called
    A. Onchoceromas
    B. Elephantiasis
    C. Calabar swelling
    D. Weingarten’s syndrome
A

C. Calabar swelling

Calabar swellings are localized, painful, transient swellings associated with Loa loa filariasis. They are named after the Calabar region in Nigeria where they were first described.

82
Q
  1. True of scolex of D. latum
    A. Spatulated w/ 2 lateral grooves
    B. has 4 cup- shaped suckers
    C. Knob-like in shape w/ 4 suckers and 5 hooks
    D. has 4 cup-shaped suckers w/ central crown of hookes
A

A. Spatulated w/ 2 lateral grooves
Rationale:
Diphyllobothrium latum, the broad or fish tapeworm, has a scolex that is spatulated (spoon-shaped) with two lateral grooves or bothria, which allow it to attach to the host’s intestine.

83
Q
  1. The first intermediate host of D. latum
    a. copepod
    b. cullex
    c. chrysops
    d. snail
A

a. copepod

The first intermediate host for Diphyllobothrium latum is a copepod, a type of small crustacean found in freshwater. Humans can become infected by consuming raw or undercooked fish that have ingested infected copepods.

84
Q
  1. This tapeworm contains 15 to 30 lateral uterine branches in each side of the gravid proglottid
    A. Echinococcus granulosus
    B. taenia saginata
    C. diphyllobotrium latum
    D. Taenia solium
A

B. taenia saginata
Rationale:
Taenia saginata, the beef tapeworm, has gravid proglottids that contain 15 to 30 lateral uterine branches on each side. This characteristic helps differentiate it from Taenia solium, which has fewer uterine branches.

85
Q
  1. Drug given for cysticercosis
    A. Ivermectin
    B. Niclosamide
    C. Albendazole
    D. Diethylcarbamazine
A

C. Albendazole
Albendazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of cysticercosis, an infection caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium. Praziquantel is another drug that can be used for this purpose.

86
Q
  1. Older mature segments of an adult tapeworm can be found in the
    A. Terminal end
    B. middle
    C. Scolex
    D. nearest the scolex
A

A. Terminal end
Rationale:
The tapeworm grows by adding new segments, or proglottids, near the scolex (head). As the worm grows, the older, mature segments move towards the terminal end of the worm. These older segments contain mature reproductive organs and eventually release eggs.

87
Q
  1. One way of killing larvae of T. spiralis is by cooking meat to
    A. 137°C
    B. 137°F
    C. 100°C
    D. 100°F
A

B. 137°F
Rationale:
To kill the larvae of Trichinella spiralis in meat, it is recommended to cook meat to an internal temperature of at least 137°F (58°C). This temperature is sufficient to kill the larvae and prevent trichinosis.

88
Q
  1. The anterior end of a tapeworm which isused to attach to the wall of the host intestine by means of suckers and hooks is called?
    A. Strobila
    B. Proglottid
    C. Scolex
    D. Parenchyma
A

C. Scolex
Rationale:
The scolex is the anterior end of a tapeworm that is used to attach to the wall of the host’s intestine. It may have suckers, hooks, or both to aid in attachment.

89
Q

57 The infective stage of blood and tissue nematodes
A. adult filaria
B. L1 larva
C. L3 larva
D. microfilaria

A

C. L3 larva
Rationale:
The third-stage larvae (L3) are the infective stage for most blood and tissue nematodes. They penetrate the host’s skin or are ingested, depending on the species, and then migrate to their target tissues.

90
Q
  1. The specimen from a 48 y/o male showed an unsheathed microfilaria, head is 2x longer than broad, and no nuclei in tail tip, characteristic of:
    A. Loa loa
    B. Brugia malayi
    C. O. volvulus
    D. Trichinella spiralis
A

b. O. volvulus

Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae are unsheathed, with a head that is about twice as long as it is broad, and they lack nuclei in the tail tip.

91
Q
  1. This larval stage of cestodes inhabits the tissue of its
    A. Accidental host
    B. All of the choices are correct
    C. Intermediate host
    D. Definitive host
A

C. Intermediate host
Rationale:
The larval stage of cestodes (tapeworms) typically inhabits the tissues of the intermediate host. In this host, the larvae develop into a form that can infect the definitive host when the definitive host consumes the infected tissues of the intermediate host.

92
Q
  1. True of Phylum Platyhelminthes expect
    A. solid bodies with no body cavity
    B. Dorsoventrally flatterned
    C. Has a vascular system
    D. No respiratory system
A

C. Has a vascular system
Rationale:
Members of the Phylum Platyhelminthes, also known as flatworms, have solid bodies with no body cavity, are dorsoventrally flattened, and lack respiratory and vascular systems.

93
Q
  1. The undeveloped egg of Diphyllobothrium latum develop to this stage in fresh water
    A. Cysticerdoid
    B. Coracidum
    C. Plerocercoid
    D. Procercoid
A

B. Coracidum
Rationale:
The undeveloped egg of Diphyllobothrium latum, when released into freshwater, hatches to release a ciliated larval stage known as the coracidium. This coracidium is then ingested by a copepod (a small crustacean), where it develops into the next stage, the procercoid.

94
Q
  1. This is commonly called the broadfish tapeworm
    a. Hymenolepis nana
    b. Diphyllobotrium latum
    c. Taenia solium
    d. Echinococcus granulosus
A

b. Diphyllobotrium latum
Rationale:
Diphyllobothrium latum is commonly referred to as the broad or fish tapeworm due to its wide, ribbon-like appearance.

95
Q
  1. Adult cestode lives in the intestinal tract of its
    a. definitive host
    b. accidental host
    c. intermediate host
    d. all of the choices are correct
A

a. definitive host
Rationale:
Adult cestodes (tapeworms) reside in the intestinal tract of their definitive host, where they attach to the intestinal wall and absorb nutrients. Here, they reach sexual maturity and produce eggs.

96
Q
  1. Chronic elephantiasis develops because of
    A. allergy
    B. Obstruction of lymphatics
    C. Blindness
    D. Eosinophilia
A

B. Obstruction of lymphatics
Rationale:
Chronic elephantiasis is a condition characterized by severe swelling and thickening of the skin and underlying tissues. It is primarily caused by the obstruction of lymphatic vessels, often due to infections with certain filarial worms, such as Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi. The worms and the host’s immune response to them can lead to blockage of the lymphatic vessels, resulting in the accumulation of lymph and the characteristic swelling.

97
Q
  1. The normal animal host of Angiostrongylus cantonensis is the
    A. sheep
    B. cat
    C. dog
    D. rat
A

D. rat
Rationale:
Angiostrongylus cantonensis, also known as the rat lungworm, primarily infects rats, which serve as its definitive host. Humans can become accidental hosts by consuming raw or undercooked snails or slugs that are infected with the larval stage of the worm.

98
Q

66 the microfilaria recovered from 37 y/o farmer was shown to be kinked and sheated, and note of nuclei crowding extending to the tip of the tail which tapers. This characteristic of
A. Onchocercha volvulus
B. Brugia malayi
C. Wuchereria bancrofti
D. Loa loa

A

D. Loa loa
Rationale:
The description of a sheathed microfilaria that is kinked, with nuclei extending to the tip of a tapered tail, is characteristic of Loa loa. This filarial worm causes loiasis, also known as African eye worm, and is transmitted to humans through the bites of certain species of deerflies or mango flies.

99
Q
  1. The external surface of a cestode which is highly absorptive and releases digestive enzyme
    A. strobila
    B. proglottid
    C. scolex
    D. tegument
A

D. tegument
Rationale:
The tegument is the external surface of cestodes (tapeworms) and some other helminths. It is a highly absorptive layer that allows the worm to take in nutrients from its host and can also release enzymes.

100
Q
  1. Waste products of cestodes are released through the
    a. Proglottid
    b. Tegument
    c. Strobila
    d. Scolex
A

b. Tegument
Rationale:
The tegument of cestodes is not only involved in nutrient absorption but also in the excretion of waste products. It is a continuous layer that covers the entire external surface of the worm, including the scolex, strobila, and proglottids.

101
Q
  1. The intermediate host of this filaria is the Anopheles and Mansonia mosquitoes
    A. Onchocerca volvulus
    B. C & D
    C. Brugia malayi
    D. Wuchureria bancrofti
A

B. C & D

Wuchereria bancrofti/Brugia malayi
Insect/Intermediate Host:
Aedex, Culex, Mansonia, Anopheles Mosquitos

MICRO/PARA (15 decks)

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