Last min final bio exam Flashcards
pre-mRNA splicing
- Transcription: MRNA is transcribe. Introns must be removed first
- Additional 5’ methyl0huanine cap
- Splicing of introns
- Additional of poly-A-Tails
- Transport mature MRNA outside of nucleus
True or False: in eukaryotes, translation and transcription are coupled
FALSE, only in prokaryotes
tRNA
bring amino acids to ribosome
Nonsense mutation
A single nucleotide change at the DNA level results in a change in the codon on MRNA from a coding triplet that codes for amino acid to a stop which will result in an incomplete protein.
Missense Mutation
results in the substitution of one amino acid for another. A single nucleotide change that results in a change in the codon to a different amino acid.
Competitive Inhibitor
Competes with substrate for active site
Non-Competitive inhibitors
Binds to enzymes at a site other than active site (Allosteric site)
Catabolic
Destroy large molecules, release energy (Exergonic)
Anabolic
Build large molecules, use up energy (Endergonic)
Ionic bond
Formed between atoms that lose or gain electrons, forming an ion
Covalent bond
- A nonpolar covalent bond has an electronegative difference of 0-0.4. Even sharing.
- Polar covalent bond has a difference of 0.4-2.0. Uneven sharing.
- Valence electrons are shared between two atoms.
Hydrogen bond
Strong intermolecular forces formed when a hydrogen atom bonded to a strongly electronegative atom approaches a neighboring electronegative atom
Which one of these gives off atp?
-answer: substrate level phosphorylation
- Atp is produced as a product
Ocean acidification - True
how is secondary stabilized:
hydrogen bonds
Teritiary:
hydrogen bond, Ionic bond, covalent bond
- unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature
- Saturated fats are solid at room temperature
unsaturated fats are good doesn’t have double bonds so can’t stack
Do eukaryotes have a membrane bound nucleus
True
Mitosis produces
2 diploid cells
Meiosis produces
4 haploid daughter cells
What is the site of membrane synthesis?
Rough ER
Difference between prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells don’t have a membrane bound nucleus while eukaryotes do
TRANSCRIPTION
copy gene to send to ribosome
TRANSLATION
synthesize protein at ribosome
In bacteria, all transcription is performed by a single type of RNA polymerase
polymerase contains four catalytic subunits and a single regulatory subunit known as sigma factor
In eukaryotes, there are 3 different RNA polymerases
– RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNA
– RNA polymerase II transcribes mRNA and some snRNA
– RNA polymerase III transcribes tRNA and some other small RNA
Why have introns?
- help regulate gene expression
- Alternative splicing
tRNA – the decoder
Bring correct amino acid to the ribosome
The Krebs cycle
is a series of enzyme catalysed reactions occurring in the mitochondrial matrix which generate ATP in the electron transport chain
Calvin recycle
Uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2to sugar
cohesion
Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other, resulting in an attractive force
adhesion
Polarity also allows water to attract other polar molecules
Typical prokaryotic cell
Lack a membrane-bound nucleus; one circular chromosome
(DNA) present in a region called the nucleoid
Hypertonic solution
Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water
Hypotonic solution
Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains
water Blood cells in solutio
