Last min final bio exam

Question 1

pre-mRNA splicing

Answer 1

1. Transcription: MRNA is transcribe. Introns must be removed first
2. Additional 5’ methyl0huanine cap
3. Splicing of introns
4. Additional of poly-A-Tails
5. Transport mature MRNA outside of nucleus

Question 2

True or False: in eukaryotes, translation and transcription are coupled

Answer 2

FALSE, only in prokaryotes

Question 3

tRNA

Answer 3

bring amino acids to ribosome

Question 4

Nonsense mutation

Answer 4

A single nucleotide change at the DNA level results in a change in the codon on MRNA from a coding triplet that codes for amino acid to a stop which will result in an incomplete protein.

Question 5

Missense Mutation

Answer 5

results in the substitution of one amino acid for another. A single nucleotide change that results in a change in the codon to a different amino acid.

Question 6

Competitive Inhibitor

Answer 6

Competes with substrate for active site

Question 7

Non-Competitive inhibitors

Answer 7

Binds to enzymes at a site other than active site (Allosteric site)

Question 8

Catabolic

Answer 8

Destroy large molecules, release energy (Exergonic)

Question 9

Anabolic

Answer 9

Build large molecules, use up energy (Endergonic)

Question 10

Ionic bond

Answer 10

Formed between atoms that lose or gain electrons, forming an ion

Question 11

Covalent bond

Answer 11

• A nonpolar covalent bond has an electronegative difference of 0-0.4. Even sharing.
• Polar covalent bond has a difference of 0.4-2.0. Uneven sharing.
• Valence electrons are shared between two atoms.

Question 12

Hydrogen bond

Answer 12

Strong intermolecular forces formed when a hydrogen atom bonded to a strongly electronegative atom approaches a neighboring electronegative atom

Question 13

Which one of these gives off atp?
-answer: substrate level phosphorylation
- Atp is produced as a product

Question 14

Ocean acidification - True

Question 15

how is secondary stabilized:

Answer 15

hydrogen bonds

Question 16

Teritiary:

Answer 16

hydrogen bond, Ionic bond, covalent bond

Question 17

• unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature
• Saturated fats are solid at room temperature

Question 18

unsaturated fats are good doesn’t have double bonds so can’t stack

Question 19

Do eukaryotes have a membrane bound nucleus

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Mitosis produces

Answer 20

2 diploid cells

Question 21

Meiosis produces

Answer 21

4 haploid daughter cells

Question 22

What is the site of membrane synthesis?

Answer 22

Rough ER

Question 23

Difference between prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells?

Answer 23

Prokaryotic cells don’t have a membrane bound nucleus while eukaryotes do

Question 24

TRANSCRIPTION

Answer 24

copy gene to send to ribosome

Question 25

TRANSLATION

Answer 25

synthesize protein at ribosome

Question 26

In bacteria, all transcription is performed by a single type of RNA polymerase

Answer 26

polymerase contains four catalytic subunits and a single regulatory subunit known as sigma factor

Question 27

In eukaryotes, there are 3 different RNA polymerases

Answer 27

– RNA polymerase I transcribes rRNA
– RNA polymerase II transcribes mRNA and some snRNA
– RNA polymerase III transcribes tRNA and some other small RNA

Question 28

Why have introns?

Answer 28

• help regulate gene expression
• Alternative splicing

Question 29

tRNA – the decoder

Answer 29

Bring correct amino acid to the ribosome

Question 30

The Krebs cycle

Answer 30

is a series of enzyme catalysed reactions occurring in the mitochondrial matrix which generate ATP in the electron transport chain

Question 31

Calvin recycle

Answer 31

Uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2to sugar

Question 32

cohesion

Answer 32

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other, resulting in an attractive force

Question 33

adhesion

Answer 33

Polarity also allows water to attract other polar molecules

Question 34

Typical prokaryotic cell

Answer 34

Lack a membrane-bound nucleus; one circular chromosome
(DNA) present in a region called the nucleoid

Question 35

Hypertonic solution

Answer 35

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water

Question 36

Hypotonic solution

Answer 36

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains
water Blood cells in solutio