History Final Exam

Question 1

Abraham

Answer 1

He is the Father of faith because of his trust in God. His faith: “Abraham believed God, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness”. He was born in Ur and was born into a polytheistic culture.

Question 2

Moses/Law & Covenant

Answer 2

It is contained in Torah. It is instructions for ritual of worship. A moral: legal code. Moses- Is the law giver, not the law maker. He received the law from God and gave it to his people. The law of Moses if found in the Hewbrew scripture

Question 3

Jewish Legacy

Answer 3

Law: Knowable morality and moral responsibility of individual
Covenant: Relational, obedience/love to person, not simply to abstract principles

Question 4

Greek philosophy (definition, origins)

Answer 4

“love of wisdom” and it originated in Greek city states. (6th century BC). Reasoned inquiry into the principles of natural world, divine beings, and human affairs.

Question 5

Plato’s Soul

Answer 5

Head: reason
Chest: spiritedness
Stomach: appetite

Question 6

Greek polis

Answer 6

Enable the individual to be happy, highest form of association, value of participation. Referred to common life in Greek city

Question 7

Greek happiness

Answer 7

Eudaimonia (good spirit) and our high attainable good to “live well”

Question 8

Path of virtue (definition, elements of virtue)

Answer 8

A habit of excellence in one area of action. There is intellectual virtues (intellect) and Moral virtues (character). It is important because it is the most stable element in happiness.
Elements of virtue:
- Voluntary
- Deliberative
- Aspirational
- Habitual
- Moderate

Question 9

Pax Romana, c. 30 BC – 180 A.D

Answer 9

200 years of internal peace, population is 70 million, defense against invasion, suppression of revolt, stable currency, Marcos Aurelius is the last emperor of the Pax Romana. Then war and decline

Question 10

Stoicism: Stoic way to happiness

Answer 10

1. Accept fate
2. Live according to reason
3. Practice the virtue
4. Control your emotions (4 cardinal virtue: Wisdom, justice, fortitudecourage, temperance)

Question 11

Decline of the Roman Empire (where/when)

Answer 11

200-500 AD, western part of the roman empire

Question 12

Causes of the decline of the Roman empire

Answer 12

Political instability, barbarians’ invasion, Declining population, manpower shortage, and heavy taxation

Question 13

The Roman Empire and Christianity

Answer 13

Diocletian’s tetrarchy. 2 co-emperors (1 in the east and 1 in the west). 2 “Caesars” and one under each co-emperor. Better defense and to secure successor

Question 14

Edict of Milan

Answer 14

Christianity would be tolerated along with other religions.

Question 15

Why did Christianity spread?

Answer 15

The theory of Rodney stark (slow and steady growth, 3% per decade, govt support), Witness of the Martyrs, and the Christian community (open to slaves and poor, aid in times of epidemic)

Question 16

Byzantine Empire (main features, legacy)

Answer 16

Main features: Continues “roman” rule in the east, loses territory in the east to Muslims, capital (Constantinople), last till 1450, Greek language/ culture, eastern orthodoxy, Greek New Testament, Greek theology, and Pentarchy
Legacy: Preserved roman law, evangelized eastern Europe, preserved ancient Greek learning, slowed the advance of Islam

Question 17

Muhammad’s World

Answer 17

The new faith, Allah, Salima (surrender, not sacrifice), restoration of faith of Abraham, Christians and jews

Question 18

Medieval Europe – basic features

Answer 18

Successor to Roman Empire in west, latin language, roman catholic faith, initially, least culturally developed of 3 successors and politically disorganized, origins of modern Europe

Question 19

3 means of conversion

Answer 19

1. Influence of existing churches
2. Missionaries – sent to evangelize pagans
3. Royal coercion – Christian king imposes Christianity on his people/suppresses paganism

Question 20

Means of grace (scripture, tradition, sacraments, indulgences)

Answer 20

Scripture: Jerome’s Latin vulgate (400 A.D), psalter(psalms), gospel books, book of hours (prayer book)
Tradition: interpretation of scripture, teaching of church councils, claim tradition is from apostles
Sacraments: instituted by Christ, ritual or action + proper disposition of participant, seven of them
Indulgences: Removes penances for sins confessed, removes punishments after death, granted for good work, almsgiving, pilgrimages

Question 21

Renaissance (when/where)

Answer 21

1350-1550, Italy, Revival of interest in and imitation of the arts and literature of ancient Greece and Rome

Question 22

Renaissance art (basics, perspective)

Answer 22

Revival of “naturalistic” style of ancients, study of anatomy, first use of oil paints, development of “perspective”

Question 23

Renaissance humanism

Answer 23

Program of studies: Language- Greek and Latin, literature, history, and ethics
Tastes and distastes: love of ancient, rediscovery of ancient texts, distaste for “middle” centuries between ancients and renaissance- the Middle Ages

Question 24

Protestant Revolution, 1517-1521 – 3 solas

Answer 24

Sola Scriptura (scripture alone), Sola Gratia (Grace alone), Sola fide (faith alone)

Question 25

Enlightenment – Essentials

Answer 25

Essentials: 1650-1800, emphasis on power of reason to increase knowledge and improve the human condition, use of math/science, often hostile to Christian faith

Question 26

Descartes (background, key themes)

Answer 26

1596-1650, French, devout catholic, humanist education-rejected for experience and introspection, scientist, mathematician, philosopher. Key themes: method of doubt, Existence of God (implies reality), mind-body dualism, rationalism, “I think, therefore I am”

Question 27

Pascal/“Pascal’s Wager”

Answer 27

reason inconclusive, finite lose, infinite possible gain

Question 28

Jefferson’s Deism

Answer 28

God who creates, rewards, punishes (including in afterlife), Jefferson’s “bible”: no miracles, against “priestcraft”, for “natural religion”, for religious freedom

Question 29

Enlightenment – impact/questions

Answer 29

The power of reason.
Impact: legal change- religious freedom. Criminal reform, and democracy. Intellectual change- separation from authority, the past. Religious change- deism, doubt.
Questions: does anything exist beyond the reach of reason? If so, how do we get to it? What about ourselves, not as we are (reason) but as we are not yet, but may be (in this life or next)?

Question 30

Winners/impact

Answer 30

Winners: the Spaniards and the British
Impact: Demographic catastrophe and the spread of European culture (modified)

Question 31

Native America, c. 1500

Answer 31

45 million, Horticultural/sedentary, densely populated/urbanized, and Tenochtitlan (Mexico) – pop 200,000 (3x Seville, Spain)

Question 32

Making of New Spain/northern New Spain

Answer 32

Conquest: Caribbean (1492-1514), Mexico (1519-21), Peru (1532), and Rich, populous native kingdoms
Spanish gains: Rule over 20m Indians, Indians labor + tribute, town/cities, silver/gold, and conversion opportunities

Question 33

Demographic catastrophe, c. 1500-1600

Answer 33

Indian population decline, war, abuse, disease (lack of immunity)

Question 34

Slavery in English Colonies (timing of rise, total # slaves)

Answer 34

late 1600s. 360,000+ slaves to the thirteen colonies and 4m slaves in the US by 1860.

Question 35

Reasons for the rise of slavery

Answer 35

Transatlantic slave already existed, legal in every colony, considered morally permissible, huge need for workers, and lack of Indian & white workers.

Question 36

Slavery and European America

Answer 36

New societies, not replicas of Europe

Question 37

Aristotle

Answer 37

Aristotle valued empirical (senses/ experience) research more as a means of discovering truth.
Nature of the soul: give life to the body, immortal, and pre-exist body

Question 38

Early Rome (750-500 BC)

Answer 38

Founders- Romulus and Remus. Romulus was monarchy

Question 39

British North America, 1763

Answer 39

Government: Imitation of Britain, Governor (like King), Council (like Lords), and Assembly (like Commons)
Immigration: Africans 250,000, Scots/Scots-Irish 150,000, Germans 100,000, English 80,000

Question 40

Ideas at stake: Constitution, Republicanism

Answer 40

Constitution: Structure/powers of government, Rights of the people, and “Unwritten”
Republicanism: Ancient Origins, Virtue, Liberty, Independence, Country over Court, and Republic over Monarchy

Question 41

American Revolution: Legacy (US Constitution, Creation of a Republic)

Answer 41

US Constitution: A “conservative” revolution, Fought first for Constitutional rights, and leads to a New Constitution w/many rights from old one
Republic: A “radical” revolution, ends monarchy, creates a republic, elevates Equality, and “Enlightened”

Question 42

Industrial Revolution

Answer 42

New machines, Mass production, new ways of organizing labor

Question 43

Question of production

Answer 43

How does prosperity happen?
Adam Smith answer: Division of Labor, trade, Self-Interest, no to mercantilism, Yes to Capitalism

Question 44

Adam Smith/homo economicus

Answer 44

Rational, Informed, Consistent, Self-interested, Wealth-maximizing, Workers’ world

Question 45

question of distribution: secular answers, Protestant work ethic, Catholic social teaching

Answer 45

How should wealth be distributed?
Secular answers: Laissez-faire capitalism, new liberalism, socialism, and communism
Protestant work ethic: Work is a “calling” from God, Virtue brings Prosperity, Hardship is temporary–if “undeserved”
Catholic social teaching- Inequality (to a degree) natural, right to private property, and worker right to unionize

Question 46

political man

Answer 46

Classical antiquity and Identity in life in the polis

Question 47

religious man

Answer 47

When: Middle Ages, Identity in religious community (the Church)

Question 48

economic man

Answer 48

18th-early 20th centuries, Identity in one’s economic activity, and Homo economicus

Question 49

Freud’s idea of the psyche (id, ego, super-ego)

Answer 49

Id – instincts and impulses
Ego – reasoning faculty
Super-ego – internalized cultural norms

Question 50

Psychological man and society

Answer 50

A state of tension
Freud’s Civilization and Its Discontents (1930), Super-ego frustrates self with its demands, Self and society out of harmony

Question 51

Authority before psychological man

Answer 51

Old authority: Parents, Teachers, Ministers, Political figures
Goals: Formation, Social conformity, Harmonization of personal and communal needs, and based on objective norms

Question 52

Psychological man and the therapists

Answer 52

New therapist: Psychologists/psychiatrists, Counselors, Celebrities, Old authorities converted
Goals: Elaboration of unique personal identity (improvement), Self-expression, Removal of objective norms

Question 53

Psychological man and education

Answer 53

-Education not for formation, but for self-expression
-School - a forum for self-expression
-“Safe space” – student beliefs not to be challenged

Question 54

Natural law

Answer 54

the body of unchanging moral principles that constitute the ultimate standard for all human conduct, accessible to reason, Of divine origin, superior to human law

Question 55

Legal positivism

Answer 55

Opposed to natural law view and Law’s authority arises from lawmaking institutions

Question 56

Adolph Eichmann/banality of evil

Answer 56

Carried out the Holocaust (esp transport), Defense: I obeyed the law, Convicted and executed, 1962

Question 57

solidarity (St. John Paul II)

Answer 57

The Catholic idea of solidarity affirms the commitment to the common good.