Bio 2 exam 1

Question 1

Catabolic pathways

Answer 1

involve the breakdown of nutrient molecules (food: A, B, C) into usable forms (building blocks). In this process, energy is either stored in molecules for later use, or released as heat.

Question 2

Anabolic pathways

Answer 2

build new molecules out of the products of catabolism, and these pathways typically use energy. The new molecules built via anabolic pathways (macromolecules) are useful for building cell structures and maintaining the cell.

Question 3

Lipids

Answer 3

• Energy storage
• Protective membranes
• Communication

Question 4

Carbohydrates

Answer 4

• Energy storage
• Structural support
• Communication

Question 5

Nucleic Acids

Answer 5

Contains genetic information.

Question 6

Proteins

Answer 6

• Communcation
• transport
• Chemical Breakdown of substances
• Structural support

Question 7

Most macromolecules are polymers

Answer 7

Polymers consist of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds.
– the repeating building blocks are small molecules called monomers

Question 8

Biopolymers are made by condensation reactions

Answer 8

Condensation (also known as dehydration) reaction
- Monomers connected together a covalent bond
- Water is lost in the process
- Energy is required
- Special enzymes are needed

Question 9

4 macromolecular

Answer 9

carbohydrates (polysaccharides), lipids (or fats), proteins, and nucleic acids.

Question 10

cohesion

Answer 10

Water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other, resulting in an attractive force

Question 11

adhesion

Answer 11

Polarity also allows water to attract other polar molecules

Question 12

Carbohydrates

Answer 12

Include both sugars and the polymers of sugars

Question 13

Most names for sugars end in -ose.

Answer 13

Sugar molecular formulas are generally some multiple of CH2O

Question 14

Polysaccharides serve two primary functions

Answer 14

energy storage and structural support

The primary energy storage polysaccharide in plants is starch. Animals (and some fungi) store glucose as glycogen.
The primary structural polysaccharide in plants is cellulose.
Starch, glycogen and cellulose are all polymers of glucose

Question 15

Glycogen location

Answer 15

In humans, glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and the muscles.

Question 16

glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 16

when glucose is needed for energy, glycogen is broken down and converted again to glucose by an enzyme

Question 17

Alpha

Answer 17

OH on bottom

Question 18

Beta

Answer 18

OH on top

Question 19

Starch location

Answer 19

Plants store surplus starch as granules within chloroplasts and other plastid

Question 20

Amylose vs Amylopectin

Answer 20

Simple (unbranched) AMYLOSE and complex (branched) AMYLOPECTIN

Question 21

amylases

Answer 21

an enzyme that converts starch and glycogen into simple sugars.

Question 22

Chitin builds the cell wall of fungi and the exoskeleton of arthropods

Question 23

Lipids

Answer 23

• Consist of C, H, and O
• Not true polymers
  – Composed of glycerol
  and fatty acids
• Fatty acids

Question 24

Most fat storage in animals is in the form of triacylglycerides

Answer 24

Triacylglycerides are made of three fatty acids covalently bound to a glycerol molecule

Question 25

unsaturated triglycerol

Answer 25

molecules prevents them from packing tightly together

Question 26

Omega fatty acids

Answer 26

• Omega fatty acids are essential fats
  – Our bodies can’t produce them - the only source is food
  – Used for building healthy cells and maintaining brain and nerve function
• Growing evidence that they help lower the risk of heart disease
• Two main types: Omega-6 and Omega-3
  – Omega-6 mostly comes as linoleic acid from plant oils such as corn oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil, as well as from nuts and seeds
  – Omega-3 come primarily from fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, and tuna, as well as from walnuts and flaxseed in lesser amounts

Question 27

Animals store fats in adipose tissue

Answer 27

– means of storing metabolic energy over extended periods of time
– also serves to insulate organisms and protect organs

Question 28

lipolysis

Answer 28

when muscles and other tissues need energy, certain hormones bind to adipose cells and trigger the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol, resulting in the release of energy-rich fatty acids and glycerol

Question 29

prostaglandins

Answer 29

hormone-like substances involved in regulating blood pressure, tissue inflammation, and contracting and relaxing smooth muscles

Question 30

Phospholipids

Answer 30

are derivatives of triacylglycerols with a phosphate group. They are major components of all cell membranes.

Question 31

Lipoproteins

Answer 31

transport lipids and steroids in the body

Question 32

Hyperlipidemia

Answer 32

Group of lipid metabolism disorders that involves abnormally elevated levels of lipids in the blood
– Lipoprotein transport disrupted

Question 33

why are fats important?

Answer 33

• Provide energy
• Metabolized to provide essential molecules for normal cell biochemistry
• Build healthy cells and healthy bodies
  – also are important in insulation of nerve cells to improve nerve impulse conduction
• Help the body use and transport vitamins
• Make hormones
• Help regulate temperature
• Provide protective cushion to organ