History exam 2

Question 1

Medieval Europe – basic features

Answer 1

Successor to Roman Empire in west, latin language, roman catholic faith, initially, least culturally developed of 3 successors and politically disorganized, origins of modern Europe

Question 2

barbarian kingdoms

Answer 2

established by barbarians’ tribes within imperial borders, attempted to preserve roman law/rule, retain Latin as official language, poor substitutes for Roman rule
means of conversion

Question 3

Clovis/baptism of Clovis

Answer 3

His baptism also gradually led to the creation of Clovis as a mythological hero or saint of the Catholic faith.

Question 4

Augustine of Canterbury

Answer 4

first archbishop of Canterbury and the apostle to England, who founded the Christian church in southern England.

Question 5

Charlemagne/Saxons

Answer 5

Saxons was conquered by Charlemagne in a long series of annual campaigns, the Saxon Wars. With defeat came enforced baptism and conversion

Question 6

The Church

Answer 6

Western church, rising wealth/power, conflict with state (government of kingdoms and empire, rising wealth/power) why? To sanctify, to transmit god’s grace, to save

Question 7

Means of grace (scripture, tradition, sacraments, indulgences)

Answer 7

Scripture: Jerome’s Latin vulgate (400 A.D), psalter(psalms), gospel books, book of hours (prayer book)
Tradition: interpretation of scripture, teaching of church councils, claim tradition is from apostles
Sacraments: instituted by Christ, ritual or action + proper disposition of participant, seven of them
Indulgences: Removes penances for sins confessed, removes punishments after death, granted for good work, almsgiving, pilgrimages

Question 8

Saints

Answer 8

model Christians. Heavenly intercessors, relics

Question 9

Renaissance (when/where)

Answer 9

1350-1550, Italy, Revival of interest in and imitation of the arts and literature of ancient Greece and Rome

Question 10

Renaissance art (basics, perspective)

Answer 10

Revival of “naturalistic” style of ancients, study of anatomy, first use of oil paints, development of “perspective”

Question 11

Renaissance art themes (pagan, Christian)

Answer 11

Pagan: gods/goddesses, myths, virtues
Christian: Biblical figures/stories, Saints, Theological virtues, Sacra conversazione

Question 12

Renaissance humanism

Answer 12

Program of studies: Language- Greek and Latin, literature, history, and ethics
Tastes and distastes: love of ancient, rediscovery of ancient texts, distaste for “middle” centuries between ancients and renaissance- the Middle Ages
Petrarch (1304-1374): “first humanist”, poet, sought undiscovered ancient Latin text, eloquence to inspire, this life and the next

Question 13

Petrarch’s Secret (Secretum)

Answer 13

he examines his faith with the help of Saint Augustine, and “in the presence of The Lady Truth”.

Question 14

Martin Luther

Answer 14

born 1484, law student, begins 1517, divides western church, new denominations, new beliefs and practices, new interiority, studies/teacher in Wittenberg, rejection of Catholicism

Question 15

Protestant Revolution, 1517-1521 indulgence, 95 theses, pamphlets

Answer 15

Indulgence: pope Leo X and German Bishop to share proceeds, to help build St Peter’s Basilica in Rome, plenary indulgence, promoted in Germany
95 theses: Against sale of indulgences, posted on church door in Wittenberg, a call to debate, printed/circulated widely
Pamphlets: Against infallibilty of councils/pope, recognizes 2 sacraments, and 3 colas, calls for reform of church

Question 16

Protestant Revolution, 1517-1521 – 3 solas

Answer 16

Sola Scriptura (scripture alone), Sola Gratia (Grace alone), Sola fide (faith alone)

Question 17

Luther’s Freedom of a Christian

Answer 17

Soul (inner person): faith, Body (outer person): works, salvation by faith alone, union of soul and Christ, “imputed righteousness”

Question 18

Protestant Revolution: applications

Answer 18

No “religion of works”, rejection of celibacy, closure of monasteries/covents, no shrines, no relics/devotion to saints, no public fasts

Question 19

Protestant Revolution: Europe divided, America divided

Answer 19

idk

Question 20

Enlightenment – essentials, preconditions

Answer 20

Essentials: 1650-1800, emphasis on power of reason to increase knowledge and improve the human condition, use of math/science, often hostile to Christian faith
Preconditions: Religious conflict, thirty year’s war (1618-1638), religious toleration, Successes

Question 21

Descartes

Answer 21

1596-1650, French, devout catholic, humanist education-rejected for experience and introspection, scientist, mathematician, philosopher. Key themes: method of doubt, Existence of God (implies reality), mind-body dualism, rationalism, “I think, therefore I am”

Question 22

Descartes, First and Second Meditations

Answer 22

Descartes wants to remove the possibility that there can be a deceiving God or an evil demon deceiving him. If I doubt, I must exist in order to doubt.

Question 23

Pascal

Answer 23

1623-1662, French, mathematician, physicist, philosopher. Theologian, devout catholic, theologian of the heart

Question 24

“Pascal’s Wager”

Answer 24

reason inconclusive, finite lose, infinite possible gain

Question 25

Jefferson’s Deism

Answer 25

God who creates, rewards, punishes (including in afterlife), Jefferson’s “bible”: no miracles, against “priestcraft”, for “natural religion”, for religious freedom.

Question 26

Beccaria on criminal punishment

Answer 26

imprisonment better deterrent. Government not empowered to kill. The harm the crime caused to others justified criminal punishment

Question 27

Enlightenment – impact/questions

Answer 27

The power of reason.
Impact: legal change- religious freedom. Criminal reform, and democracy. Intellectual change- separation from authority, the past. Religious change- deism, doubt.
Questions: does anything exist beyond the reach of reason? If so, how do we get to it? What about ourselves, not as we are (reason) but as we are not yet, but may be (in this life or next)?

Question 28

Winners/impact

Answer 28

Winners: the Spaniards and the British
Impact: Demographic catastrophe and the spread of European culture (modified)

Question 29

Native America, c. 1500

Answer 29

45 million, Horticultural/sedentary, densely populated/urbanized, and Tenochtitlan (Mexico) – pop 200,000 (3x Seville, Spain)

Question 30

Making of New Spain/northern New Spain

Answer 30

Conquest: Caribbean (1492-1514), Mexico (1519-21), Peru (1532), and Rich, populous native kingdoms
Spanish gains: Rule over 20m Indians, Indians labor + tribute, town/cities, silver/gold, and conversion opportunities

Question 31

Valladolid Debate

Answer 31

No right to conquest, no right to Indian property, no compulsion in religion, Indians “natural slaves”, human sacrifice shows lack of reason/humanity

Question 32

Demographic catastrophe

Answer 32

c. 1500-1600- Indian population decline, war, abuse, disease (lack of immunity)

Question 33

Juan Diego & The Apparitions

Answer 33

Juan diego (Christian Indian), 3 apparitions of blessed virgin, her image on juan’s tilma.

Question 34

“Cortes Overthrows the Idols”

Answer 34

Cortes’ success in conquering the Aztec empire. They challenged them to consider how their false Idols were wrong, were evil and had lied; let them remember the lies which they had told only five days ago when seven persons had been sacrificed to them and they promised to give them victory, that everything they said to them and the priests was evil;

Question 35

The story of the Virgin of Guadalupe

Answer 35

Mary appeared to Juan Diego, who was an Aztec convert to Christianity. she is a Supernatural Mother, but also because she embodies their major religious and political aspirations

Question 36

Slavery in English Colonies

Answer 36

late 1600s. 360,000+ slaves to the thirteen colonies and 4m slaves in the US by 1860.

Question 37

Reasons for the rise of slavery

Answer 37

Transatlantic slave already existed, legal in every colony, considered morally permissible, huge need for workers, and lack of Indian & white workers.

Question 38

Slavery and European America

Answer 38

New societies, not replicas of Europe. Caste, not class.

Question 39

Chesapeake

Answer 39

Begins 1680. Causes reduced supply of English youth, drop in slave prices vs indentured prices, and increased life expectancy. Chesapeake 40% African by mid 1700s