History exam 2 Flashcards
Medieval Europe – basic features
Successor to Roman Empire in west, latin language, roman catholic faith, initially, least culturally developed of 3 successors and politically disorganized, origins of modern Europe
barbarian kingdoms
established by barbarians’ tribes within imperial borders, attempted to preserve roman law/rule, retain Latin as official language, poor substitutes for Roman rule
means of conversion
Clovis/baptism of Clovis
His baptism also gradually led to the creation of Clovis as a mythological hero or saint of the Catholic faith.
Augustine of Canterbury
first archbishop of Canterbury and the apostle to England, who founded the Christian church in southern England.
Charlemagne/Saxons
Saxons was conquered by Charlemagne in a long series of annual campaigns, the Saxon Wars. With defeat came enforced baptism and conversion
The Church
Western church, rising wealth/power, conflict with state (government of kingdoms and empire, rising wealth/power) why? To sanctify, to transmit god’s grace, to save
Means of grace (scripture, tradition, sacraments, indulgences)
Scripture: Jerome’s Latin vulgate (400 A.D), psalter(psalms), gospel books, book of hours (prayer book)
Tradition: interpretation of scripture, teaching of church councils, claim tradition is from apostles
Sacraments: instituted by Christ, ritual or action + proper disposition of participant, seven of them
Indulgences: Removes penances for sins confessed, removes punishments after death, granted for good work, almsgiving, pilgrimages
Saints
model Christians. Heavenly intercessors, relics
Renaissance (when/where)
1350-1550, Italy, Revival of interest in and imitation of the arts and literature of ancient Greece and Rome
Renaissance art (basics, perspective)
Revival of “naturalistic” style of ancients, study of anatomy, first use of oil paints, development of “perspective”
Renaissance art themes (pagan, Christian)
Pagan: gods/goddesses, myths, virtues
Christian: Biblical figures/stories, Saints, Theological virtues, Sacra conversazione
Renaissance humanism
Program of studies: Language- Greek and Latin, literature, history, and ethics
Tastes and distastes: love of ancient, rediscovery of ancient texts, distaste for “middle” centuries between ancients and renaissance- the Middle Ages
Petrarch (1304-1374): “first humanist”, poet, sought undiscovered ancient Latin text, eloquence to inspire, this life and the next
Petrarch’s Secret (Secretum)
he examines his faith with the help of Saint Augustine, and “in the presence of The Lady Truth”.
Martin Luther
born 1484, law student, begins 1517, divides western church, new denominations, new beliefs and practices, new interiority, studies/teacher in Wittenberg, rejection of Catholicism
Protestant Revolution, 1517-1521 indulgence, 95 theses, pamphlets
Indulgence: pope Leo X and German Bishop to share proceeds, to help build St Peter’s Basilica in Rome, plenary indulgence, promoted in Germany
95 theses: Against sale of indulgences, posted on church door in Wittenberg, a call to debate, printed/circulated widely
Pamphlets: Against infallibilty of councils/pope, recognizes 2 sacraments, and 3 colas, calls for reform of church
Protestant Revolution, 1517-1521 – 3 solas
Sola Scriptura (scripture alone), Sola Gratia (Grace alone), Sola fide (faith alone)
Luther’s Freedom of a Christian
Soul (inner person): faith, Body (outer person): works, salvation by faith alone, union of soul and Christ, “imputed righteousness”
Protestant Revolution: applications
No “religion of works”, rejection of celibacy, closure of monasteries/covents, no shrines, no relics/devotion to saints, no public fasts
Protestant Revolution: Europe divided, America divided
idk
Enlightenment – essentials, preconditions
Essentials: 1650-1800, emphasis on power of reason to increase knowledge and improve the human condition, use of math/science, often hostile to Christian faith
Preconditions: Religious conflict, thirty year’s war (1618-1638), religious toleration, Successes
Descartes
1596-1650, French, devout catholic, humanist education-rejected for experience and introspection, scientist, mathematician, philosopher. Key themes: method of doubt, Existence of God (implies reality), mind-body dualism, rationalism, “I think, therefore I am”
Descartes, First and Second Meditations
Descartes wants to remove the possibility that there can be a deceiving God or an evil demon deceiving him. If I doubt, I must exist in order to doubt.
Pascal
1623-1662, French, mathematician, physicist, philosopher. Theologian, devout catholic, theologian of the heart
“Pascal’s Wager”
reason inconclusive, finite lose, infinite possible gain
Jefferson’s Deism
God who creates, rewards, punishes (including in afterlife), Jefferson’s “bible”: no miracles, against “priestcraft”, for “natural religion”, for religious freedom.
Beccaria on criminal punishment
imprisonment better deterrent. Government not empowered to kill. The harm the crime caused to others justified criminal punishment
Enlightenment – impact/questions
The power of reason.
Impact: legal change- religious freedom. Criminal reform, and democracy. Intellectual change- separation from authority, the past. Religious change- deism, doubt.
Questions: does anything exist beyond the reach of reason? If so, how do we get to it? What about ourselves, not as we are (reason) but as we are not yet, but may be (in this life or next)?
Winners/impact
Winners: the Spaniards and the British
Impact: Demographic catastrophe and the spread of European culture (modified)
Native America, c. 1500
45 million, Horticultural/sedentary, densely populated/urbanized, and Tenochtitlan (Mexico) – pop 200,000 (3x Seville, Spain)
Making of New Spain/northern New Spain
Conquest: Caribbean (1492-1514), Mexico (1519-21), Peru (1532), and Rich, populous native kingdoms
Spanish gains: Rule over 20m Indians, Indians labor + tribute, town/cities, silver/gold, and conversion opportunities
Valladolid Debate
No right to conquest, no right to Indian property, no compulsion in religion, Indians “natural slaves”, human sacrifice shows lack of reason/humanity
Demographic catastrophe
c. 1500-1600- Indian population decline, war, abuse, disease (lack of immunity)
Juan Diego & The Apparitions
Juan diego (Christian Indian), 3 apparitions of blessed virgin, her image on juan’s tilma.
“Cortes Overthrows the Idols”
Cortes’ success in conquering the Aztec empire. They challenged them to consider how their false Idols were wrong, were evil and had lied; let them remember the lies which they had told only five days ago when seven persons had been sacrificed to them and they promised to give them victory, that everything they said to them and the priests was evil;
The story of the Virgin of Guadalupe
Mary appeared to Juan Diego, who was an Aztec convert to Christianity. she is a Supernatural Mother, but also because she embodies their major religious and political aspirations
Slavery in English Colonies
late 1600s. 360,000+ slaves to the thirteen colonies and 4m slaves in the US by 1860.
Reasons for the rise of slavery
Transatlantic slave already existed, legal in every colony, considered morally permissible, huge need for workers, and lack of Indian & white workers.
Slavery and European America
New societies, not replicas of Europe. Caste, not class.
Chesapeake
Begins 1680. Causes reduced supply of English youth, drop in slave prices vs indentured prices, and increased life expectancy. Chesapeake 40% African by mid 1700s
