Bio 2 exam 1 part 2

Question 1

Proteins are made up of amino acid monomers

Question 2

PKU - Phenylketonuria

Answer 2

Patients lack enzyme necessary to converts phenylalanine
to tyrosine
* Phenylalanine accumulates and is converted into phenylpyruvic acid
- toxic in high levels
- causes mental retardation, seizures and brain damage

Question 3

X-ray crystallography

Answer 3

measures the angle and intensity with which x-rays are diffracted when passing through a crystal of protein

Question 4

NMR

Answer 4

uses nuclear spins and a magnetic field to infer atom positions in a molecule

Question 5

Bioinformatics

Answer 5

uses computer programs to predict protein structure from amino acid sequences

Question 6

Primary structure

Answer 6

is the sequence of amino acids in a protein
- like the order of letters in a long word
* Primary structure is determined by inherited genetic
information encoded in stretches of DNA called genes

Question 7

Secondary structure

Answer 7

is observed in a localized portion of a protein and results from stabilizing interactions through the backbone of the peptide chain, typically forming random coils, helices, and sheets

Question 8

Tertiary structure

Answer 8

results from interactions between side chains (R
groups) to create a three-dimensional shape

Question 9

Quaternary structure

Answer 9

is due to aggregation of multiple tertiary structures into a functional complex

Question 10

Chaperonins

Answer 10

are protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins in the cell

Question 11

denaturation

Answer 11

This loss of a protein’s native structure is called denaturation
Alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, or other
environmental factors can cause a protein to unravel

Question 12

Amino acids are joined together by a dehydration reaction

Answer 12

peptide bond