Last 1 Flashcards
created when oxides of sulfur and nitrogen change chemically as they dissolve in water vapor in the atmosphere and return to earth as rain, snow, or fog.
Acid rain
the spatial grouping of people or activities for mutual benefit.
Agglomeration
different land users are prepared to pay different amounts, the bid rents, for locations at various distances from the city center.
Bid Rent Theory
a location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another; a location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another.
Break-of-bulk point
an industry where the finished product weighs more than the raw materials.
Bulk-gaining industry
an industry where the raw materials weigh more than the finished product.
Bulk-reducing industry
an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Capitalism
series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market.
Commodity chain
a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Communism
the principle that an area produces the items for which it has the greatest ratio of advantage or the least ratio of disadvantage in comparison to other areas, assuming free trade exists.
Comparative advantage
the process of deconcentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs of congestion, competition, and regulation.
Deglomeration
the cumulative and sustained decline in the contribution of manufacturing to a national economy.
Deindustrialization
is a trading center, or simply a warehouse, where merchandise can be imported and exported without paying import duties, often at a profit.
Entrepot
designated areas of countries where governments create conditions conducive to export-oriented production.
Export processing zones (EPZ’s)
an activity cost (as of investment in land, plant, and equipment) that must be met without regard to level of output.
Fixed costs
a descriptive term applied to manufacturing activities for which the cost of transporting material or product is not important in determining location of production; an industry or firm showing neither market nor material orientation.
Footloose industry
the manufacturing economy and system derived from assembly-line mass production and the mass consumption of standardized goods.
Fordism
anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature, caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface.
Greenhouse effect
where economic development, or growth, is not uniform over an entire region, but instead takes place around a specific pole.
Growth Pole
areas along or near major transportation arteries that are devoted to the research, development, and sale of high-technology products.
High-technology corridors
a series of inventions and innovations, arising in England in the 1700s, that led to the use of machines and inanimate power in manufacturing process.
Industrial Revolution
the specialization, by countries, in particular products for exports.
International division of labor
seeks to reduce inventories for the production process of purchasing inputs for arrival just in time to use and producing output just in time to sell.
“Just in time” manufacturing (JIT)
an industry for which labor costs represent a large proportion of total production costs.
Labor-intensive industry