Language Skills in Adolescents and Adults

Question 1

______ growth continues throughout _____

______ and ______ skills especially continue to grow

But with aging, there is a _____ _____ in language _______, understanding _______ _______ sentences, and _______

Answer 1

Cognitive growth continues throughout life

Vocabualry and pragmatic skills especially continue to grow

But with aging, there is a slow decline in language comprehension, understanding syntactically complex sentences, and inferencing

Question 2

bilingualism

If a child is ______ to a _____ ______ after age __ , she will have an _____

_____ exposure to a ______ ______ leads to _____ judgements of _______ correctness

Fluent _______ has great ______ and _____ benefits for children and ______

Answer 2

If a child is exposed to a second language after age 8, she will have an accent

Early exposure to a second language leads to better judgements of grammatical correctness

Fluent bilingualism has great linguistic and cognitive benefits for children and adults

Question 3

Canadian researcher, Ellen Bialystok showed that ______ adults (french and english) had ___ yrs later _____ of ______ than ______ ​adults

Answer 3

Canadian researcher, Ellen Bialystok showed that bilingual adults (french and english) had 5-7yrs later onset of dementia than monolingual adults

Question 4

literacy

Pleasure reading may ______ in ________, especially for ______.

The biggest change in adolescents and adults is in ______ function, or the ability to ______ actively with ____ and to ____ and write with ______

Answer 4

Pleasure reading may decline in adolescence, especially for boys.

The biggest change in adolescents and adults is in executive function, or the ability to engage actively with print and to read and write with purpose.

Question 5

Posnick-Goodwin (2015) looked at the preference of current students and research about ______ vs. _____ books

He found that current _____ school students said they preferred _____ to _____ books. A recent survey found that most _____ students prefer _____ to _____ as well.

Overall, students ____ they ____ more with _____ and are very ______ with digital books

Answer 5

Posnick-Goodwin (2015) looked at the preferences of current students and research about digital vs. print books

He found that current middle school students said they preferred print to digital books. A recent survey found that most college students prefer print to digital.

Overall, students feel they retain more with print and are very distracted with digital books

Question 6

Jantz (2012) found that there are ___ million FB users ______ or __ out of every __ people on earth.

Many FB users spend ___ per _____ logged on to FB.

Instagram has ____ million active ______ users and there were ___ million US instagram users in 2015

Answer 6

Jantz (2012) found that there are 500 million FB users worldwide, or 1 out of every 13 people on earth.

Many FB users spend 24hrs per month logged on to FB.

Instagram has 300 million active monthly users and there were 77.6 million US instagram users in 2015

Question 7

We use our _____ _____ to carry out ____ tasks every ____.

Many of us ____ ___ our ______ more than _____ times each _____.

Average owners use their phones for __hrs and __mins per day

Answer 7

We use our cell phones to carry out 221 tasks every day.

Many of us pick up our phones more than 1500 times each week.

Average owners use their phones for 3hrs and 16mins per day

Question 8

Gold 2015 found that once children hit the _____ years (__ - __), they spend over __hr per day _____.

The average____ (__-___) sends ____ texts per _____

__-___ olds spend __hrs per ____ with _____ _____

and

__% of _____ online use _____ ______

Answer 8

Gold 2015 found that once children hit the tween years (10-12), they spend over 1hr per day texting.

The average teen (13-17yrs) sends 3939 texts per month.

15-18yr olds spend 8hrs per day with digital tech

and

80% of teens online use social media

Question 9

syntax and morphology

_________ _______ - speaker is ______ ______ to others

Children, adolescents, and adults use greater _______ ______ during ______ ______ than in regular _______

Answer 9

Expository monologues - speaker is teaching information to others

Children, adolescents, and adults use greater syntactic complexity during expository monologues than in regular conversation

Question 10

syntax and morphology

There is an ______ in use of ______ devices to provide _______ and also an ______ in use of ______ clauses

Answer 10

There is an increase in use of bridging devices to provide continuity and also an increase in use of dependent clauses

Question 11

syntax and morphology

_______ _______ comment on the speakers ______ toward the ______ of the _______ sentence

What are some examples?

Answer 11

Adverbial Disjuncts comment on the speakers attitude toward the content of the connected sentence

• Honestly, to my surprise, in my opinion*
• In my opinion,* beer is better than wine. To my surprise, Sam thinks wine is better than beer. Honestly, I think she is just delusional.

Question 12

syntax and morphology

_______ _______ are ______ and ______ devices signaling a logical ______ between ______. They are more common in ______ than ______

What are some examples?

Answer 12

Adverbial Conjuncts are cohesions and connective devices signaling a logical relationship between sentences. They are more common in literature than conversation.

To conclude, as a result of, nevertheless

Question 13

semantics

The ability to define ______ increases with ____

Some ____ people might have increased _____ in word ______ and _____

Many _____ people use ______ words like _____ in place of ______ names. This reflects a ______ in ______ ______

Answer 13

The ability to define idioms increases with age

Some older people might have increased difficulty in word retrieval and naming

Many older people use indefinite words like thing in place of specific names. This reflects a decline in working memory

Question 14

pragmatics and conversational abilities

_____ utterances are ______ (related to what was just said)

_____ use _____ ______ or when the utterance includes an ______ of the ______ utterance but shifts _____ of _____

This is a great skill to persons with _______

Answer 14

Teen utterances are contingent (related to what was just said)

Adults use topic shading or when the utterance includes an aspect of the preceeding utterance but shifts focus of concern

Asperger’s

ex:

A: Can you believe that Game of Thrones is going into another season?

B: Yeah, some of my favorites are into another season too. Can’t wait till the next season of…

Question 15

______ adults are less _______ when asking questions about a ______ they have just _____ or _____. This is possibly due to a _____ in ______ ______.

Narratives of _____ have more _____ but contain more ______ content

Answer 15

Older adults are less accurate when asking questions about a narrative they have just heard or retold. This is possibly due to a decline in working memory.

Narratives of seniors have more words but contain more irrelevant content

Question 16

pragmatics - speaking styles

Often _____ use _____ speech which is ______ oriented and used on _____ occassions

This speech is slower, has more ______, a greater _____ range, and with more precise _______

Answer 16

Often adults use clear speech which is listener oriented and used on formal occassions

This speech is slower, has more pauses, a greater pitch range, and with more precise articulation

Question 17

pragmatics - gender differences

Women use more _____ words like please, and thank you

Men talk more in _____ and less at _____

Men tend to ______, while women view themselves as _______ _______

Answer 17

Women use more polite words like please, and thank you

Men talk more in public and less at home

Men tend to lecture, while women view themselves as conversational facilitators

Question 18

pragmatics - gender differences

______ listeners are more likely to ______ a _____ than a ____.

Among men, convos are ______ about ______ ______

______ see convos as a way to _____

Answer 18

Adult listeners are more likely to interrupt a woman than a man.

Among men, convos are rarely about personal feelings

Women see convos as a way to share