***Language Learning and Teaching Process in Young Ch. (Ch.6)*** Flashcards
Development of language rests upon several major variables that interact with one another
- The child’s cultural and __________ environment is a big influence upon __________ learning
- Each child has unique ____________ that she brings to the language learning situation
Development of language rests upon several major variables that interact with one another
- The child’s cultural and linguistic environment is a big influence upon language learning
- Each child has unique characteristics that she brings to the language learning situation
For a child to develop language _________, she needs language ___________ from her environment. In many cultures, adult interaction with infants and young children _________ from mainstream U.S. expectations.
For example, most moms use ____________ (CDS) composed of high ________, shorter ___________, longer _________, and repetition. __________ American cultures are silent w/infants and the child may also not be _________ to.
For a child to develop language optimally, she needs language stimulation from her environment. In many cultures, adult interaction with infants and young children differs from mainstream U.S. expectations.
For example, most moms use motherese (CDS) composed of high pitch, shorter sentences, longer pauses, and repetition. Native American cultures are silent w/infants and the child may also not be read to.
Mainstream americans view their children as _____________ partners and believe in playing with their children. In some cultures it is believed that the child should be _________ and not heard, children learn by ____________, not interaction, and comprehension is more important than _____________
Mainstream americans view their children as conversational partners and believe in playing with their children. In some cultures it is believed that the child should be seen and not heard, children learn by observation, not interaction, and comprehension is more important than production
Low-SES ch’s vocab develop more __________. Homelessness has a very __________ impact and Low-SES children may not _______ as much.
Low-SES ch’s vocab develop more slowly. Homelessness has a very negative impact and Low-SES children may not read as much.
_____________ and language are intertwined and develop in ___________ fashion. Cognitive skills are esp. related to _____________ constructions like ___________, and before & after as well as _________ and _________
Cognition and language are intertwined and develop in parallel fashion. Cognitive skills are esp. related to grammatical constructions like because, and before & after as well as cause and effect
Word acquisition is guided by 2 types of knowledge structures:
_______-based knowledge: sequences of events or _________ that are __________ or causal and organized toward a ______
For example, if a child goes to daycare, takes swimming lessons, or goes to Sunday school, she has knowledge of those events
_____________ especially rely on this type of knowledge
_____________ knowledge is used by ____________ and involves ___________ and word classes
Word acquisition is guided by 2 types of knowledge structures:
Event-based knowledge: sequences of events or routines that are temporal or causal and organized toward a goal
For example, if a child goes to daycare, takes swimming lessons, or goes to Sunday school, she has knowledge of those events
Preschoolers especially rely on this type of knowledge
Taxonomic knowledge is used by kindergarteners and involves categories and word classes
Toddler learning strategies are composed of __________, ___________ imitation, __________ utterances, and ____________ utterances
________ are verbal _______ or unanalyzed chunks of language—memorized units
_________ Imitation is when toddlers imitate part of or all of an utterance.
_________ utterances are statements a ch. makes where he names somehting. Usually ch. is sure of the word
_____________ utterances is when the child is ______ of the word and ask, “what’s that?”
Toddler learning strategies are composed of formulas, selective imitation, evocative utterances, and interrogative utterances
Formulas are verbal routines or unanalyzed chunks of language—memorized units
Selective Imitation is when toddlers imitate part of or all of an utterance.
Evocative utterances are statements a ch. makes where he names somehting. Usually ch. is sure of the word
Interrogative utterances is when the child is unsure of the word and ask, “what’s that?”
Adult conversational teaching techniques include general _________, expansions and ___________, turnabouts, and ___________.
Adult conversational teaching techniques include general facts, expansions and extensions, turnabouts, and prompting.
adult convo teach. tech.
_________ ________ - Children learn language faster when parents converse (as opposed to teaching and instructing)
There are definite language-learning advantages for children who attend preschools where the curriculum emphasizes __________ and __________
General Facts - Children learn language faster when parents converse (as opposed to teaching and instructing)
There are definite language-learning advantages for children who attend preschools where the curriculum emphasizes language and literacy
____________ are more mature versions of a child’s utterance in which _______ order is preserved. They dont add any new ______.
Ch: “Daddy drive”
Adult: “Daddy is driving”
Children generally imitate about _/_of adult ___________
____________ are replies that provides more ____________ information and has semantic and _____________ contingency (concure with intent of previous utterance). This is the ______ way to increase ch’s ___________ skills.
Ch: “Daddy drive”
Adult: “Yes, daddy is driving the car because he is going to work.”
Expansions are more mature versions of a child’s utterance in which word order is preserved. They don’t add any new info.
Ch: “Daddy drive”
Adult: “Daddy is driving”
Children generally imitate about 1/3 of adult expansions
Extensions are replies that provides more semantic information and has semantic and pragmatic contingency (concure with intent of previous utterance). This is the best way to increase ch’s language skills.
Ch: “Daddy drive”
Adult: “Yes, daddy is driving the car because he is going to work.”
____________ are utterances that both responds to the previous utterance and inturn requires a response.
Ch: “We went to the zoo”
Adult: “Zoos are fun, what animals did you see?”
Types of ___________:
_____-ins (My dog likes to ________)
___-questions
____-no questions
Turnabouts are utterances that both responds to the previous utterance and inturn requires a response.
Ch: “We went to the zoo”
Adult: “Zoos are fun, what animals did you see?”
Types of turnabouts:
Fill-ins (My dog likes to ________)
Wh-questions
yes-no questions
___________ is parental behavior requiring a toddlers response.
Include:
___________
____________ imitation
and ______-ins
Prompting is parental behavior requiring a toddlers response.
Include:
questions
ellicited imitation
and fill ins
Hulit, Fahey, and Howard (2015) summarized new research on CDS. They found that the amount of talk directed to ch. from _-_ yrs predicts _________ success at ages _ and __ yrs old.
Parents of _________ _________ children spoke much more to those children than parents of less __________ children.
__________ accounted for__% of total talk in the child’s environment. Most adult talk in ch’s environment occured in late ___________ and early ___________.
Hulit, Fahey, and Howard (2015) summarized new research on CDS. They found that the amount of talk directed to ch. from 0-3yrs predicts academic success at ages 9 and 10 yrs old.
Parents of language advanced children spoke much more to those children than parents of less advanced children.
Mothers accounted for 75% of total talk in the child’s environment. Most adult talk in ch’s environment occured in late afternoon and early evening.
The more __ in a child’s day, the lower her __________ scores.
Christakis et al. found that each hour of __________ TV was associated w/significant reductions in child ___________, vocalization __________, and conversational ________ as well as decreased adult male and female word counts.
Constant noise in the home is also associated with reduction in ________ attention __________ between ch. and caregivers, poorer __________, memory, ___________, and overall language and ___________ achievement.
The more TV in a child’s day, the lower her language scores.
Christakis et al. found that each hour of audible TV was associated w/significant reductions in child vocalizations, vocalization duration, and conversational turns as well as decreased adult male and female word counts.
Constant noise in the home is also associated with reduction in joint attention activities between ch. and caregivers, poorer attention, memory, reading, and overall language and acadmeic achievement.
In terms of paper vs. e-books for preschool children (2-5yrs), the research is mixed but e-books are more ________, and initially engage ch’s _________ more effectively than paper books
In terms of paper vs. e-books for preschool children (2-5yrs), the research is mixed but e-books are more exciting, and initially engage ch’s attention more effectively than paper books
