Language And Social Class

Question 1

Henri Tajfel’s social identity theory:what does Henri spilt the world into?

Answer 1

In groups and out groups (them and us)

Question 2

What is Henri Tajfel’s social identity theory?

Answer 2

We exaggerate the difference when it comes to dialect and categorise ourselves into particular groups

Question 3

What are indicators of social class?

Answer 3

Household income, own property or rent it, whether you have savings, kinds of people you mix with, cultural activities you engage in

Question 4

What is prestige variety?

Answer 4

Posh, associate it with success

Question 5

What is stigmatized variety?

Answer 5

Not posh

Question 6

What is R.P?

Answer 6

Received Pronunciation, doesn’t have a place linked to it

Question 7

What are the symbols for regional accent?

Answer 7

/ae/

Question 8

Prestige accent is ______________

Answer 8

Sounds and noises

Question 9

Prestige dialect is ______________

Answer 9

Words and grammar/Standard English

Question 10

What words associate with overt prestige?

Answer 10

Intelligence,education,achievement

Question 11

What words associate with covert prestige?

Answer 11

Toughness,rebellious,pride (value for bad things)

Question 12

Who proposed overt and covert prestige?

Answer 12

William labov

Question 13

What varieties do educated middle class people tend to use?

Answer 13

R.P accent, standard English dialect

Question 14

Who argues that weak groups are obliged to use the language of strong groups?

Answer 14

Louis Althusser

Question 15

Middle class varieties are:

Answer 15

Overt prestige(wealth,sophistication,power)
And covert stigma(weakness,snobbery,selfishness)

Question 16

Working class varieties are:

Answer 16

-Overt
stigma(poverty,simplicity,uneducated)

-Covert prestige(toughness,physical reliability)

Question 17

What is prescriptivism?

Answer 17

Say what language should be like

Question 18

What is descriptivism?

Answer 18

Say what language is actually like rather than what It should be like

Question 19

Are you a descriptivist or a prescriptivist?

Answer 19

Descriptivist

Question 20

What did prescriptivists want you to do?

Answer 20

Use middle class English (they will correct you into standard English and RP-like form)

Question 21

What did Alan Ross talk about?

Answer 21

Middle class and genuine upper class

Question 22

What did Alan Ross not talk about?

Answer 22

Working class or lower class people

Question 23

Allan Ross:What are the symbols for middle class and upper class?

Answer 23

Non-u=middle class
U=upper class

Question 24

Allan Ross:Middle class may attempt to sound like they’re from a higher class,what’s it called when you say a word that gives you away?

Answer 24

Shibboleth

Question 25

Allan Ross:Middle class speakers wrongly choose_______ or ________ words over words they believe associated with working class

Answer 25

Pretentious or euphemistic

Question 26

Allan Ross:Give 2 example of words that people may think arent posh but they are.

Answer 26

Jam is posh, preserve isn’t “What?” Is posh rather than “pardon?”

Question 27

What did Basil Bernstein(sociolinguist)notice?

Answer 27

That working class kids were underachieving in history and English unlike middle class kids(but not science and maths)

Question 28

Basil Bernstein:What do working class kids language tend to be?

Answer 28

Implicit-you need to be there to understand it

Question 29

Basil Bernstein:What do middle class language tend to be?

Answer 29

Explicit-you don’t need to be there to understand it

Question 30

Bernstein talks about 2 things,what are they?

Answer 30

Restricted and elaborated code

Question 31

Bernstein:What is restricted code?

Answer 31

Kind of language you use with family and friends in an informal setting, it’s implicit

Question 32

Basil Bernstein:What is elaborated code?

Answer 32

Far more explicit (use it for people we don’t know very well)

Question 33

Basil Bernstein:What does elaborated code not rely on?

Answer 33

doesn’t rely on assumptions about the audience

Question 34

Basil Bernstein:What can middle class speakers do?

Answer 34

Switch between restricted and elaborated code

Question 35

What did Bernstein claim?

Answer 35

Both codes are good in the right place Restricted code- lots of info in a few words Elaborated code-much more explicit,l out more detail

Question 36

Basil Bernstein:Who uses restricted code?

Answer 36

All families (working class speakers tend to only use restricted code)

Question 37

Basil Bernstein:What do schools operate in?

Answer 37

Elaborate code

Question 38

Basil Bernstein:What subjects does elaborate code not effect?

Answer 38

Maths and science

Question 39

Basil Bernstein:Who are at a higher advantage for using elaborated code?

Answer 39

Middle class

Question 40

What is a criticism of Basil Bernstein research?

Answer 40

He never found a speaker who couldn’t use elaborated code at all

Question 41

Peter Trudgill’s Norwich study: what do the people who live Norwich generally not pronounce?

Answer 41

They generally g-drop

Question 42

Peter Trudgill:What do the people in Norfolk generally pronounce?

Answer 42

They g-pronounce

Question 43

What did Peter Trudgill study?

Answer 43

He studied Norwich speech (1970s) to find out why and how peoples accents varied

Question 44

What certain letters did Peter Trudgill study?

Answer 44

He Studies the final consonant in words like “runnING” and “walkING”

Question 45

Peter trudgill:The sound spelled “ng” is a ______

Answer 45

Velar nasal /ɲ/

Question 46

Peter trudgill: In Norwich, they say “walkin”,”talkin”, what’s the symbol for missing the g dropping?

Answer 46

Alveolar nasal /n/

Question 47

What are the 5 social classes Trudgill divided people into based on neighborhood, education,occupation?

Answer 47

Lower working class Lower middle class Middle working class Upper middle class Upper working class

Question 48

Trudgill:What are the statistics of people using the velar nasal /ɲ/(g-pronounce)?

Answer 48

0%-1/3 lower class 1/3-100% upper class

Question 49

Trudgill:what is something everyone can do in terms of g-pronouncing or dropping?

Answer 49

Everyone can style shift

Question 50

Trudgill:what is there a direct correlation of

Answer 50

Direct correlation between higher class and g-pronounce

Question 51

Trudgill:what is there a inverse correlation of?

Answer 51

Inverse correlation between formality and g-dropping (the less formal you are the more likely you are to g-drop)

Question 52

What does covert,overt,prestige and stigma mean?

Answer 52

Covert=bad value Overt=good value Prestige= good Stigma= bad