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Language And Gender Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference from sex and gender?

A

Sex is biological and gender is social

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2
Q

What did Keith and shuttleworth do?

A

Surveyed beliefs about the difference between men and women’s language

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3
Q

What is Otto Jespersen’s research about?

A

(1922) He wrote all of his opinions about women’s language

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4
Q

What are the first 4 points of Jespersens beliefs?

A

1.Women talk a lot
2.Women half finish sentences because they don’t think before speaking
3.Women link sentences with “and” because they’re emotional
4.Women use “pretty” and “cute” to much

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5
Q

What are the last 3 of Jespersen’s beliefs?

A

5.Women are hyperbolic(dramatic)
6.Women have smaller vocab so more fluent
7.Women avoid “coarse and gross expressions”

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6
Q

What did Robin lakoff try to explain?

A

How language contributed to women’s lack of power and status in western society

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7
Q

What is the meaning of Tannen-verbal hygiene?

A

Behaviors that women exhibit but they should stop

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8
Q

Lakoff said that women’s language is what?

A

Differential

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9
Q

Lakoff:Who are women deferential to?

A

Everyone

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10
Q

What did Lakoff say that affects women’s style of speech?

A

Girls upbringing-women are socialized into using a special style of speech=women’s language

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11
Q

What is a criticism of Lakoffs research?

A

No imperial research,her opinion,sample she used was people she knew (educated,white women in America so lack of diversity)

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12
Q

What did Lakoff name her ideas about women’s language?

A

The deference model

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13
Q

How many features are in Lakoffs deference model?

A

10

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14
Q

What are the names of lakoffs first 5 features that she claimed were typical of women’s speech?

A

1.hedge
2.super politeness
3.Hypercorrectness
4.Tag questions
5.speaking in Italics

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15
Q

What are the names of lakoffs last 5 features that she claimed were typical of women’s speech

A

6.Empty adjectives of approval
7.Use of implication
8.special lexicon
9.
10.women have no sense of humor

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16
Q

Who criticises lakoff?

A

Dubois and Crouch

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17
Q

What did Dubios and crouch study?

A

Tag questions

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18
Q

What did Dubois and Crouch found in tag questions?

A

-men use it more that women
-Tag questions show co-operation rather than uncertainty

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19
Q

What is the dominance model?

A

People response to lakoff’s ideas
(Deference-just lakoff)

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20
Q

What does the dominance model claim?

A

Men deliberately behave in an uncooperative way when speaking to women to dominate them

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21
Q

What did Zimmerman and west look at?

A

Turn-Taking

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22
Q

What did Zimmerman and west monitor?

A

They monitored people’s conversations at their university campus

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23
Q

What 2 kinds of irregularities did zimerman and west look at in turn-taking?

A

Overlaps
Interruptions

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24
Q

Zimmerman and west: What’s the difference between overlaps and interruptions?

A

Overlaps is supportive- speaker near the end of TRP
Interruptions is not supportive- speaker not near the end of TRP

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25
Q

Zimmerman and west: what irregularities did they find in turn-taking between same sex pairs?

A

That overlaps are 3x more common then interruptions

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26
Q

Zimmerman and west:what irregularities did they find in turn taking between mixed-sex pairs?

A

That Men interrupt more that women but women don’t

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27
Q

What’s a disadvantage of Zimmerman’s and west’s recording of people’s conversations?

A

Observer paradox- people knew they were being recorded

The people speaking are all rich educated so lack of diversity

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28
Q

What does Beattie say as a criticism of Zimmerman and West?

A

They have very small data
Outliner- one person mainly doing the interruptions

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29
Q

Wha does Beattie challenge?

A

He challenges Zimmerman and west’s interpretation of interruptions

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30
Q

What does Beattie say about interruptions?

A

-That interruptions can be enthusiastic
-Interlock users can she enthusiasm

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31
Q

What does Eaken and Eaken say about interruptions? (As a criticism to zimmerman and west)

A

They’re not determined by gender but by “hierarchy preference” (status)

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32
Q

What else did Zimmerman and west study?

A

The difference in the use of minimal responses according to gender

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33
Q

Zimmerman and west: what does a delayed minimal response mean?

A

speaker gives minimal response at the appropriate point but after a pause

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34
Q

Zimmerman and west: what does a delayed minimal response show?

A

Shows that the listener is not being supportive, demonstrated a lack of interest and enthusiasm in a conversation

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35
Q

Zimmerman and west: what is a delayed response a feature of?

A

Male speech, intended to dominate women

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36
Q

What does Pamela Fishman look at?

A

Tags

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37
Q

What does Pamela Fishman say about the tag “y’know”?

A

Women use it 5x more than men

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38
Q

What did Pamela Fishman claim that using the tag question”y’know” shows?

A

Shows that women ask for support and men withhold it
(Women also provide support without asking)

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39
Q

What is a criticism of Pamela Fishman?

A

She’s makes people use a wearable recording device

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40
Q

What does Janet Holmes look at?

A

tags

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41
Q

Who does Janet Holmes challenge?

A

Fishman

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42
Q

What are the 2 tags Janet Holmes looks at?

A

Speaker-oriented tags and
addressee-oriented tags

43
Q

Janet Holmes: what do Adressee-orientated tags do?

A

Show support,women use them

44
Q

Janet Holmes: what do speaker-orientated tags do?

A

Benefit listener as support or as a hedge,men use them

45
Q

What did Janet Holmes study reveal which is a criticism to lakoff and Fishman’s claims?

A

Men and women use tags the same amount

46
Q

What did Janet Holmes study reveal?

A

-Men use more speaker-orientated tags
-Women use more addressee-orientated tags

47
Q

What does Janet Holmes study suggest?

A

Men are less supportive speakers than women

48
Q

What did Victoria DeFrancisco say?

A

Women talk more,offer more topics than men and men pick and choose,work harder to keep conversation going

49
Q

Victoria DeFrancisco: What it called when women offer topics and men pick and choose from them?

A

Conversational shit work

50
Q

Victoria DeFrancisco: What it called when women offer topics and men pick and choose from them?

A

Conversational shit work

51
Q

What is Helena Leet-Pelligrini research focusen on?

A

The effect of gender and expertise in mixed sex conversation

52
Q

What does Helena Leet-Pelligrini say about gender and expertise?

A

That male-non-experts will act dominantly to female experts

53
Q

What is Deborah Tannen’s difference model a response to?

A

Lakoff and Dominance model theorists

54
Q

What did Tannen say?

A

-Boys and girls are socialised so differently because of upbringing
-boys see talking as a competitive thing
-girls see talking as a shared collaboration,sometimes talking is all they do

55
Q

What does rapport talk mean?

A

To establish and maintain relationship

56
Q

What does report talk mean?

A

Give information,hierarchy-compete for positions of power

57
Q

Which gender uses rapport talk?

A

Women

58
Q

Which gender uses report talk?

A

Men

59
Q

What did Jennifer Coates say that is an example to rapport and report talk?

A

Joke telling for men is a way to establish hierarchy, for women it’s to be collaborative (supportive)

60
Q

What words did Tannen say link to mens speech?

A

Status
Independence
Advice
Information
Orders

61
Q

What words did Tannen say link to women’s speech?

A

Support
Intimacy
Understanding
Feelings
Proposals

62
Q

What 2 kind of Turn Violations did Tannen identify?

A

Uncooperative overlaps And
cooperative overlaps

63
Q

Tannen: what does cooperative overlaps show a sign of?

A

High involvement speakers

64
Q

Tannen: speakers who follow sack’s “no gap no overlap” at what?

A

High considerateness speakers

65
Q

Tannen: which gender associates with high considerateness?

A

Male (not being cooperative,for instance,when an they’re speaking to a high speaker)

66
Q

Tannen:What does verbal hygiene say?

A

That women’s speech feature is bad

67
Q

What 4 categories did Deborah Jones make for women?

A

House talk
Scandal
Bitching
Chatting

68
Q

Deborah jones: what is house talk?

A

Practical chat about being a house women

69
Q

Deborah jones: what does scandal mean?

A

Domestic standards women are made to enforce

70
Q

Deborah jones: what does bitching mean?

A

The acknowledgement that being a women is hard, just externalising it, don’t want a solution

71
Q

Deborah jones: what does chatting mean?

A

Women Sharing intimate things with other women to make allies

72
Q

Deborah Jones:What does the 4 categories of women’s talk suggest?

A

That women’s talk is more varied
(Some categories exclude men and they can’t talk about it)

73
Q

What did Jane Pilkington find in single-sex conversations?

A

-Women’s talk is: similar to eachother,expressive,collaborative
-women do leech’s agreement maxim
-women want to fill the space in the conversation
Men like to disagree more

74
Q

Where did Jane Plikington research single-sex conversations?

A

At a bakery (9 months)

75
Q

What did Carmen Fought say about women’s features such as “like” and uptalk?

A

They’re often seen as a sign of stupidity or immaturity

76
Q

Carmen Fought’s:Women’s features such as “like” and uptalk are __________

A

Condemned

77
Q

What did carmen Fought say about young girls and women?

A

They popularise vocal trends

78
Q

What did Mark Lieberman say?

A

-Young do it before old
-girls do it before men
-girls are 10 years ahead of everyone else

79
Q

What did Koenraad Kuiper’s research say?

A

-The men demonstrate friendship through abuse
-The ability to take abuse is a good quality but to have
-If you insult people it’s fine, reacting to it is stigmatized

80
Q

What is the diversity model?

A

The diversity model opposes biological determinism

81
Q

What does the diversity model say?

A

-biological sex doesn’t make a difference in language, gender roles play a key part
-there are different versions of ourselves for different occasions
-sex refers to biological characteristics( eg chromosomes)
-gender and sex not linked

82
Q

What are four things that are said about gender in the diversity model?

A

-Gender characteristics are socially constructed
-gender decided by society, not biology
-gender isn’t binary
-gender + sex don’t match for some people
-gender presentation is dependent on your sex
-gender is a choice, it has a consequences if you pick the wrong choice

83
Q

What does Janet Hyde’s Gender similarities hypothesis claim?

A

There are lots of similarities between male and female

84
Q

What could you use Janet Hyde’s gender similarities Hypothesis for?

A

You could use it as a criticism for everything

85
Q

What does o’Barr and Atkin’s courtroom study look at?

A

It looks at where what lakoff said was true, they look at lakoff’s women language features

86
Q

What did o’Barr and Atkin find in their courtroom study?

A

They found that an intimidated man at court uses all of lakoff’s features, a women who was there as a coroner didn’t use any

87
Q

What did o’Barr and Atkin say about lakoff’s women features? (Criticism)

A

-‘Neither characteristics of all women nor limited only to women’
-They said that it’s not about gender but it’s about power

88
Q

What did o’Barr and Atkin criticisms about lakoff’s women features?

A

-Well educated middle class women don’t use the ‘women’s features’ that much
- men spoke with a low frequency of ‘women’s language’ traits
-low status speakers use many of the ‘women’s language’ regardless of gender

89
Q

What did o’Barr and Atkin suggest the ‘women’s language’ should be called instead?

A

‘Powerless language’

90
Q

What does Deborah Cameron say?

A

That sex difference in language is a myth

91
Q

Which claim by Otto Jesepersen does Deborah Cameron say is a myth?(criticism)

A

“Women speak more because communication means more to women”

92
Q

Which claim by Tannen does Deborah Cameron say is a myth?(criticism)

A

-“Men use language competitively,women for support”
-“Men talk about getting things done,women talk about feelings”
-“Men and women talk so differently that miscommunication happens often”

93
Q

What does Cameron’s performative langauge claim?

A

-we have a range of identities and we pick and choose them for certain people/situations
-one of the things we perform is gender,you can perform ethnicity,class

94
Q

What does Judith Butler say?

A
  • you’re forced into gender whether you like it or not
    -gender is seen as a ritual act,we want people to perceive us in a certain way
95
Q

What does Robert Podesva study?

A

Language used by a Heath, a gay man studying to be a doctor

96
Q

What did Robert Podesva identify about Heaths language?

A

He uses “Falsetto”

97
Q

Robert Podesva: what is Falsetto?

A

-a socially marked behaviour for men and is involved in the performance of a gay man
-Falsetto has a high fundamental frequency

98
Q

Robert Podesva:What has Falsetto undergone?

A

“Enregisment” (a sign of gay identity)

99
Q

Robert Podesva:What are common beliefs about voice quality?

A

-distinguishes one social group
-a stable characteristic of individuals

100
Q

What did Robert discover when it came to Heath’s use of “Falsetto”?

A

-Uses his “gay voice” for social gatherings
-Uses it a little bit when speaking to family
-Does not use it at all when speaking to patients

101
Q

What did Robert Podesva claim about Heath’s use of Falsetto?

A

Heath used Falsetto to construct a ‘diva’ persona, for “expressiveness”

102
Q

What did Robert Podesva claim about Falsetto?

A

-The use of the voice isn’t a gay characteristic but a choice
-There is not equivalent voice for lesbians

103
Q

What is Butlers Drag Queen language?

A

Drag queens observe behaviour of gender (females) and then perform that on stage

104
Q

What did Judith Baxter say?

A

Strong women in work behave like strong men due to enact dominance

English Language (19 decks)

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