Language And Region-Accent Flashcards
What’s the difference between accents and dialects?
Accents=sounds
Dialects=words and grammar
What did Kevin watson say?
That people in Liverpool tend to be very proud of their scouse identity, it has become a “dialect island”
Kevin watson: what is the symbol for velar fricative?
/x/
What did Kevin watson say about people who don’t like their accent?
They will try to change it
What’s may happen to people’s accent when they move around?
They might converge with the accent from the area they have moved into
What’s happens to your accent the more you move?
The less localized (⬆️RP) you speak
How does the level of your education affect your accent?
The more educated you are the less regional your accent is
Universities are ___________ so the accent tends to be ___________
Delocalised
What is metathesis?
West Indians say “A:ks” not “A:sk”
Give an example of a letter that does not correspond to one sound
-The letter “e” in “everyone isn’t pronounced the same way as the word “enough”
-there are 10 different sounds for “ough”
What does IPA stand for?
International Phonetic Alphabet
Name of sound:What is the place of articulation?
The part of the mouth or throat which makes a sound
Name of sound:What is the manner of articulation?
What you do with them
How many names for sound is there?
2
What are the places of articulation?
Nasal cavity
Alveolar nasal
Lip labials(lip)
Palate:palatals(hard palate)
Velum:velars(glottis)
Uvula:uvulars (soft palate)
What are the letters associated with nasal?
M-labial nasal
N-valor nasal
What is a significant accent feature in England?
-major divide in English accents between north and south,the sounds are very different
Give and example of the divide in the English accent between north and south
1.The vowel in “bath” and “grass”:
northern pronunciation=/ae/ (bahth)
southern pronunciation=/a:/(bauth)
2.the vowel in “put and “cup”:
Northern pronunciation=/ʊ/
Southern pronunciation=/ʌ/
Give an example of h-dropping in the English accent
H-dropping of “hospital” is common in the English accents (but not in RP)
What’s one place that h drops?
East Anglia
What is MUE?
MUE=L-pronouncing
What is /?/
Glottal stop (not pronouncing the consonant in the middle of “water” or “bottle” or “photograph)
What is t-glottalisation?
The glottal stop spreading rapidly throughout many English accents over the last few decades
What is the consonants /a:/ and /r/ called?
Non-prevocalic r or post vocalist r
Non/prevocalic r:For the final consonant in “car” which places pronounce it as /a:/ ?
London,leeds,manchester,Newcastle
Non/prevocalic r:For the final consonant in “car” which places pronounce it as /r/ ?
Most of the south west of England and a small amount in the North west Lancashire
Non prevocalic r:What is the name for accents that contain sounds?
Rhotic accents
Norwich study: what do some accents replace the velar nasal /ng/ with for words like “walking” and “running”?
Alveolar /n/
Which place uses the velar nasal?
Norwich
What was William labov an expert in?
New York speech
In Labov’s department store study(1996) what did is he look at?
The link between accent and overt prestige
What did William Labov investigate?
he looked at the non prevocalic /r/ sound in the speech in New York shop assistants
William Labov:What is the sound difference for America and Britain?
America=/r/
Britain=/a:/
What did William Labov make American and British shop assistants say?
“4th floor” (he asked them where certain things are)
What 3 different clothing brands in New York did William Labov visit?
Saks (upper class)
Macy’s (middle class)
Klein’s (lower class)
What happened when William Labov asked the shop assistants to repeat themselves?
First time they would say it spontaneous, second time more careful (careful speech)
What happened to the pronounciation of the /r/ as the class of the store increased?
It increased
What happened to the pronounciation of the /r/ in careful speech?
It increased
What did Labov find in the speech of the sales assistants from saks,the upper class store?
They used the /r/ sound the most (direct correlation with class and pronunciation of the /r/)
What did Labov find in the speech of the sales assistants from klein’s ,the lower class store?
They used the /r/ sound the least
William Labov:What else made the pronunciation of the /r/ increase other than the class of the store?
Careful speech
William Labov also found that Macy’s showed the greatest change from low prestige form to high when asked to repeat themselves,what does this suggest?
Middle class people care more about being correct
What is the high prestige form for pronouncing book?
Book with Ʊ symbol
What is the low prestige form for pronouncing book?
Book with a /u:/ symbol
What is the high prestige form for pronouncing my?
My with a /aI/ symbol
What is the low prestige form for pronouncing my?
My with the /I:/ symbol
Labov’s Martha’s Vinyard Study:what are the 3 types of people living in Martha’s Vinyard?
-Islanders(live on the island not born,posh)
-Summer people (tourists)
-The chilmark fishermen(born there,not posh)
Martha’s Vineyard:what were some of the unusual features of the islanders?
The vowel sound /a Ʊ/ became /əƱ/
The vowel sound /aI/ became /əl/
The posh islanders use low prestige
Martha’s Vineyard: Who used the vowels /əƱ/ and /əl/ and what was this apart of?
The fishermen use it and this was part of the traditional accent of the island so that’s why the posh islanders use it to
Martha’s Vineyard: why did the posh islanders change their variety to sound more like the fishermen?
They use a lower prestige form So that they aren’t associated with the “summer people” group (tourists)
Social network theory: what does it meant to have a closed network and what type of people usually have this?
Everyone knows each other and children/babies have a closed network(the more you grow the less closed it it)
Social network theory: what does it meant to have a open network?
Nobody if your network knows anyone else
Social network theory: what does multiplex connections mean?
It’s where someone in your network have more than one role (e.g my best friend may also my neighbor)
Social network theory: what does uniplex connections mean?
Only one connections between us (eg my school friend is not my neighbor,cousin or anything else,just my friend)
What is the meaning of a norm-enforcement?
Making you behave in a way that’s expected (social expectations/standards)
What is a norm-enforcement mechanism?
A thing that pressures you to obey the norms
What does it mean if you have a closed network?
You have more multi connections, more norm-enforcement
What does it mean if you have a open network?
More uniplex connections,less norm enforcement
James Milroy and Lesley Milroy look at in their Belfast study?
The connection between people’s social networks and their accent in working class communities
Milroy and Milroy’s Belfast study:what was the Belfast accent like?
The consonant/õ/ becomes /d/ in “mother”
The vowel /ae/ becomes /ɔ:/ in “hat”
Milroy and Milroy’s Belfast study: what is the meaning of a Network strength score?
It’s what Milroy and Milroy gave to each individual according to how open or closed their network was
What was Belfast like in the 80s?
Belfast was deeply divided(catholic vs Protestant),there was a civil war, Milroy and milroy live in the communities they investigated
What did Milroy and Milroy’s find in terms of a high or low network strength score?
That people with a high network strength score (closed network)used the features of the Belfast accent more than those with a low score (open network)
Milroy and Milroy’s Belfast study: who particularly have a strong network strength score?
Men,they lived in very tight networks (shared the same faith,employer,social links)
Milroy and Milroy’s Belfast study:What were women’s network like?
Closed networks,they usually didnt work and socialized in groups of 3 or 4
Milroy and Milroy: what happened to employment in Belfast?
Unemployment for males increased and this caused women to work more
Milroy and Milroy: what happened to men’s network in Belfast as the lack of unemployment increased?
Networks started to break down
Milroy and Milroy: what happened to women’s network in Belfast as the lack of unemployment for men increased?
They started to work more and so networks becoming more dense so /d/ and /ɔ:/ (belfast accent features) increased and they became more linguistically homogeneous
Peter trudging Norwich study: what were the rates for g-pronouncing?
0%-29% lower class
29%-100% middle class
Trudgill and gender: what did women and men do with g-pronouncing?
Women over report with g-pronouncing
Men under report with g-pronouncing
Trudgill and gender: which prestige forms did women and men value?
Men value low prestige form
Women value high prestige form
What does the accommodation theory (by Giles) mean?
To change your variety to suit the person to talking to
Gile’s Accommodation theory: what are the names of the 2 changes a speaker can do to “accommodate” the interlocutor?
Convergence and Divergence
Gile’s Accommodation theory: what is the meaning of convergence?
Changing your accent to sound more like the interlocutor(who your speaking to)
Gile’s Accommodation theory: what is the meaning of Divergence?
Talking less like your interlocutor(the person your talking to) this can be either positive or negative
Coupland’s Cardiff study: what are the 3 distinctive accents?
Cardiff, South Wales English and Bristol English
Couplands Cardiff study: what features link the accent of a Cardiff speaker and their education and income?
Glottalisation
G-dropping
H-dropping
Flapped /t/
Nik coupland: give an example of style shifting
A travel agent changed her accent to sound more like her client
What did coupland discover after monitoring the travel agent?
The travel agents choice of accent was a good indicator of the clients education and social status
What does Coupland’s Cardiff study suggest?
-That the accent and class of the interlocutor affects our speech
-Our desire to establish comity affects our speech
