Language And Region-Accent Flashcards by Thanni Akhtar

What’s the difference between accents and dialects?

Accents=sounds
Dialects=words and grammar

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What did Kevin watson say?

That people in Liverpool tend to be very proud of their scouse identity, it has become a “dialect island”

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Kevin watson: what is the symbol for velar fricative?

/x/

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What did Kevin watson say about people who don’t like their accent?

They will try to change it

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What’s may happen to people’s accent when they move around?

They might converge with the accent from the area they have moved into

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What’s happens to your accent the more you move?

The less localized (⬆️RP) you speak

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How does the level of your education affect your accent?

The more educated you are the less regional your accent is

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Universities are ___________ so the accent tends to be ___________

Delocalised

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What is metathesis?

West Indians say “A:ks” not “A:sk”

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Give an example of a letter that does not correspond to one sound

-The letter “e” in “everyone isn’t pronounced the same way as the word “enough”
-there are 10 different sounds for “ough”

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What does IPA stand for?

International Phonetic Alphabet

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Name of sound:What is the place of articulation?

The part of the mouth or throat which makes a sound

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Name of sound:What is the manner of articulation?

What you do with them

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How many names for sound is there?

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What are the places of articulation?

Nasal cavity
Alveolar nasal
Lip labials(lip)
Palate:palatals(hard palate)
Velum:velars(glottis)
Uvula:uvulars (soft palate)

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What are the letters associated with nasal?

M-labial nasal
N-valor nasal

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What is a significant accent feature in England?

-major divide in English accents between north and south,the sounds are very different

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Give and example of the divide in the English accent between north and south

1.The vowel in “bath” and “grass”:
northern pronunciation=/ae/ (bahth)
southern pronunciation=/a:/(bauth)
2.the vowel in “put and “cup”:
Northern pronunciation=/ʊ/
Southern pronunciation=/ʌ/

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Give an example of h-dropping in the English accent

H-dropping of “hospital” is common in the English accents (but not in RP)

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What’s one place that h drops?

East Anglia

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What is MUE?

MUE=L-pronouncing

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What is /?/

Glottal stop (not pronouncing the consonant in the middle of “water” or “bottle” or “photograph)

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What is t-glottalisation?

The glottal stop spreading rapidly throughout many English accents over the last few decades

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What is the consonants /a:/ and /r/ called?

Non-prevocalic r or post vocalist r

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Non/prevocalic r:For the final consonant in “car” which places pronounce it as /a:/ ?

London,leeds,manchester,Newcastle

Non/prevocalic r:For the final consonant in “car” which places pronounce it as /r/ ?

Most of the south west of England and a small amount in the North west Lancashire

Non prevocalic r:What is the name for accents that contain sounds?

Rhotic accents

Norwich study: what do some accents replace the velar nasal /ng/ with for words like “walking” and “running”?

Alveolar /n/

Which place uses the velar nasal?

Norwich

What was William labov an expert in?

New York speech

In Labov’s department store study(1996) what did is he look at?

The link between accent and overt prestige

What did William Labov investigate?

he looked at the non prevocalic /r/ sound in the speech in New York shop assistants

William Labov:What is the sound difference for America and Britain?

America=/r/ Britain=/a:/

What did William Labov make American and British shop assistants say?

“4th floor” (he asked them where certain things are)

What 3 different clothing brands in New York did William Labov visit?

Saks (upper class) Macy’s (middle class) Klein’s (lower class)

What happened when William Labov asked the shop assistants to repeat themselves?

First time they would say it spontaneous, second time more careful (careful speech)

What happened to the pronounciation of the /r/ as the class of the store increased?

It increased

What happened to the pronounciation of the /r/ in careful speech?

It increased

What did Labov find in the speech of the sales assistants from saks,the upper class store?

They used the /r/ sound the most (direct correlation with class and pronunciation of the /r/)

What did Labov find in the speech of the sales assistants from klein’s ,the lower class store?

They used the /r/ sound the least

William Labov:What else made the pronunciation of the /r/ increase other than the class of the store?

Careful speech

William Labov also found that Macy’s showed the greatest change from low prestige form to high when asked to repeat themselves,what does this suggest?

Middle class people care more about being correct

What is the high prestige form for pronouncing book?

Book with Ʊ symbol

What is the low prestige form for pronouncing book?

Book with a /u:/ symbol

What is the high prestige form for pronouncing my?

My with a /aI/ symbol

What is the low prestige form for pronouncing my?

My with the /I:/ symbol

Labov’s Martha’s Vinyard Study:what are the 3 types of people living in Martha’s Vinyard?

-Islanders(live on the island not born,posh) -Summer people (tourists) -The chilmark fishermen(born there,not posh)

Martha’s Vineyard:what were some of the unusual features of the islanders?

The vowel sound /a Ʊ/ became /əƱ/ The vowel sound /aI/ became /əl/ The posh islanders use low prestige

Martha’s Vineyard: Who used the vowels /əƱ/ and /əl/ and what was this apart of?

The fishermen use it and this was part of the traditional accent of the island so that’s why the posh islanders use it to

Martha’s Vineyard: why did the posh islanders change their variety to sound more like the fishermen?

They use a lower prestige form So that they aren’t associated with the “summer people” group (tourists)

Social network theory: what does it meant to have a closed network and what type of people usually have this?

Everyone knows each other and children/babies have a closed network(the more you grow the less closed it it)

Social network theory: what does it meant to have a open network?

Nobody if your network knows anyone else

Social network theory: what does multiplex connections mean?

It’s where someone in your network have more than one role (e.g my best friend may also my neighbor)

Social network theory: what does uniplex connections mean?

Only one connections between us (eg my school friend is not my neighbor,cousin or anything else,just my friend)

What is the meaning of a norm-enforcement?

Making you behave in a way that’s expected (social expectations/standards)

What is a norm-enforcement mechanism?

A thing that pressures you to obey the norms

What does it mean if you have a closed network?

You have more multi connections, more norm-enforcement

What does it mean if you have a open network?

More uniplex connections,less norm enforcement

James Milroy and Lesley Milroy look at in their Belfast study?

The connection between people’s social networks and their accent in working class communities

Milroy and Milroy’s Belfast study:what was the Belfast accent like?

The consonant/õ/ becomes /d/ in “mother” The vowel /ae/ becomes /ɔ:/ in “hat”

Milroy and Milroy’s Belfast study: what is the meaning of a Network strength score?

It’s what Milroy and Milroy gave to each individual according to how open or closed their network was

What was Belfast like in the 80s?

Belfast was deeply divided(catholic vs Protestant),there was a civil war, Milroy and milroy live in the communities they investigated

What did Milroy and Milroy’s find in terms of a high or low network strength score?

That people with a high network strength score (closed network)used the features of the Belfast accent more than those with a low score (open network)

Milroy and Milroy’s Belfast study: who particularly have a strong network strength score?

Men,they lived in very tight networks (shared the same faith,employer,social links)

Milroy and Milroy’s Belfast study:What were women’s network like?

Closed networks,they usually didnt work and socialized in groups of 3 or 4

Milroy and Milroy: what happened to employment in Belfast?

Unemployment for males increased and this caused women to work more

Milroy and Milroy: what happened to men’s network in Belfast as the lack of unemployment increased?

Networks started to break down

Milroy and Milroy: what happened to women’s network in Belfast as the lack of unemployment for men increased?

They started to work more and so networks becoming more dense so /d/ and /ɔ:/ (belfast accent features) increased and they became more linguistically homogeneous

Peter trudging Norwich study: what were the rates for g-pronouncing?

0%-29% lower class 29%-100% middle class

Trudgill and gender: what did women and men do with g-pronouncing?

Women over report with g-pronouncing Men under report with g-pronouncing

Trudgill and gender: which prestige forms did women and men value?

Men value low prestige form Women value high prestige form

What does the accommodation theory (by Giles) mean?

To change your variety to suit the person to talking to

Gile’s Accommodation theory: what are the names of the 2 changes a speaker can do to “accommodate” the interlocutor?

Convergence and Divergence

Gile’s Accommodation theory: what is the meaning of convergence?

Changing your accent to sound more like the interlocutor(who your speaking to)

Gile’s Accommodation theory: what is the meaning of Divergence?

Talking less like your interlocutor(the person your talking to) this can be either positive or negative

Coupland’s Cardiff study: what are the 3 distinctive accents?

Cardiff, South Wales English and Bristol English

Couplands Cardiff study: what features link the accent of a Cardiff speaker and their education and income?

Glottalisation G-dropping H-dropping Flapped /t/

Nik coupland: give an example of style shifting

A travel agent changed her accent to sound more like her client

What did coupland discover after monitoring the travel agent?

The travel agents choice of accent was a good indicator of the clients education and social status

What does Coupland's Cardiff study suggest?

-That the accent and class of the interlocutor affects our speech -Our desire to establish comity affects our speech