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English Language > Language And Occupation > Flashcards

Language And Occupation Flashcards

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Proverbs and Idioms flashcards
1
Q

What is an acronym?

A

Pronounced as a word e.g. NASA

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2
Q

What is an initialism?

A

Pronounced as individual letters e.g. OMG

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3
Q

What is occupational jargon?

A

Words/ phrases used solely in a particular job or field

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4
Q

US navy occupational jargon examples

A
  • baboon ass = corned beef
  • deck= floor
  • used only by recruits using covert prestige to form identity
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5
Q

What is legalese?

A

Language used in the law profession (exact and precise so no one can argue against it)

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6
Q

What is occupational discourse?

A

Way of speaking/ writing specifically to members of the occupation

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7
Q

What is a discourse structure?

A

A structure that runs across sentences, weaving them into a pattern to form a cohesive test

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8
Q

“How to write an occupational discourse structure is part of the knowledge held by any BLANK”

A

Discourse community

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9
Q

John Swales (2011)

A

A discourse community consists of members who…
- share a set of common goals
- communicate internally
- use specialist lexis and discourse
-possess a required level of knowledge and skill to be considered eligible to participate in the community

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10
Q

Asymmetry of address

A

An imbalance of some form in address e.g. teachers calling students by first name but students calling teachers by last name

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11
Q

Types of power (3)

A
  • political = their occupation gives them power by default e.g. King, politicians, lawyers
  • personal = the power you have is due to your occupation e.g. boss, headmaster
  • social = power due to social variables e.g. class, gender, age
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12
Q

Instrumental power

A

To make people do things or to make things happen e.g. legal or official documents and rules (legalese, teaching etc)

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13
Q

Features of instrumental power (9)

A
  • formal register
  • specialist lexis
  • imperative sentences
  • conditionals
  • declarative sentences
  • faceless language (official job titles)
  • avoidance of ambiguity
  • mitigation
  • modal auxiliaries
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14
Q

Influential power

A

The power used to make us believe or support something
e.g. political speeches or media texts (advertising, social media influencers)

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15
Q

Features of influential power

A
  • embedded assumptions (you will want to read this)
  • metaphorical references (a healthy economy)
  • assertions (opinions stated as facts)
  • Disjunct adverbs (adverb stating opinion)
  • loaded language (words chosen to evoke strong negative/ positive connotations)
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16
Q

Exerting power through conversation

A
  • initiating or changing the subject of conversation
  • interrupting
  • holding the floor (dominating conversation)
  • unresponsive
  • imperatives
  • closing the conversation
17
Q

Power asymmetry

A

Power participant and a less powerful participant (context dependant)

18
Q

Types of purpose (2)

A
  • interactional speech = to build and maintain social relationships (e.g. small talk between colleagues)
  • transactional speech = used to get something done (e.g. restaurant / shop / any type of service)
19
Q

What is a Repressive discourse strategy

A

An indirect way of maintaining power

20
Q

Examples of repressive discourse strategy

A
  • avoiding any face threatening acts
  • use positive politeness strategies
  • strengthening social ties
  • phatic / small talk
    -mitigated imperatives
21
Q

Oppressive discourse strategy

A

Openly stating you are in control through language choices

22
Q

Examples of oppressive discourse strategies

A
  • imperatives
  • holding the floor
  • interruptions
23
Q

Brown and Levinson / Goffman

A
  • saving face
  • negative face (need to be independent)
  • positive face (need to fit in)
  • face threatening act (challenging someone else)
24
Q

Grices maxims

A
  • quality
  • quantity
  • manner
  • relevance
25
Q

Convergence in occupation

A
  • people converge their language to make customers feel comfortable (therapist, doctor)
  • people with lower status may converge when talking to a superior in a firm
  • colleagues on similar status may converge to each other to build and maintain relationships, forming a discourse community
26
Q

Divergence in occupation

A
  • a doctor may show divergence to show professionalism
  • a superior in a firm may use divergence when telling off a inferior to express authority
  • Spanish teacher may diverge by speaking in Spanish to immerse the English speaking students
27
Q

Drew and Heritage (1993)

A
  • Members of a discourse community share inferential framework with each other, consisting of implict/ implied ways (sometimes explicit like rules) of communicating and behaving within an occupation.
  • there are strong hierarchies of power within organisations with many asymmetrical relationships
28
Q

Koester (2004)

A
  • Emphasises how important phatic talk is to establish interpersonal relationships
  • phatic talk= language that is devoid of content but supports social relationships (small talk)
  • being sociable and engaging in phatic talk is key to effective working
  • phatic talk builds solidarity which is important in the workplace communications
29
Q

David Crystal (initialism and acronyms)

A
  • Initialism and acronyms in the workplace are linguistically economic as they get work done efficiently and quickly
  • allows workers to complete goals and communicate efficiently, especially useful in high stress, low time occupations (doctors)
30
Q

Judith Baxter

A
  • undertook an 18 month study into the speaking patterns of men and women at meetings in companies
  • doubling voicing is usually used by women to negotiate power relations in educational and professional contexts
  • used as a response to the threat of potential scrunity
  • Minimise direct confrontations or critism from male colleagues
  • women’s self criticism and apologetic style was seen as risky for leaders as it appears as weak and defensive and negative by all colleagues
  • double voicing can be turned into a sophisticated linguistic skill, showing subtlety in difficult situations
31
Q

What is single voiced discourse

A

Stating what you want, typically a male feature

32
Q

Features of double voiced discourse

A
  • hedging strategies
  • politeness
  • humour
  • framing
  • meta comment
  • implied meaning
  • deference
  • apology
  • self mockery
  • understatement
33
Q

Examples of double voiced discourse

A

“I’m not an expert”
“I’m so sorry to disturb you”

34
Q

Johnathan Meads Concept (6)

A
  • slang is the expression of what we think
  • slang describes the actual not the ideal which deflates human perfection which is a good thing
  • slang is the poetry of the gutter as it is the expression of what we think (good)
  • jargon is delusional and inflates self esteem to impress superiors
  • jargon is conformist and evasive
  • jargon is used by people in power to patronise people not in power as a way of controlling people

English Language (19 decks)

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