language

Question 1

based on random choice rather than any reason or system

Answer 1

Arbitrary

Question 2

we have to talk about this for a while for a specific purpose, but let’s avoid thinking about how awful it is

Answer 2

Euphemism

Question 3

I want you to think about just how awful this is

Answer 3

Dysphemism

Question 4

Mammals: when suddenly injured or confined, emit sudden angry noise to startle attacker
Humans: also triggers language system- aggressive words with negative affect

Answer 4

Rage-circuit theory

Question 5

language influences our thoughts and the way we perceive and experience the world

Answer 5

Whorf-Sapir Hypothesis

Question 6

the smallest unit of sound that contains information; often a word, but some words contain multiple morphemes

Answer 6

morpheme

Question 7

We can break morphemes into its constituent sounds

Answer 7

phonemes

Question 8

the rules that govern how sentences are put together; also known as grammar

Answer 8

syntax

Question 9

refers to the meaning of each individual word

Answer 9

semantics

Question 10

the infant makes a wide range of drawn-out sounds that combine consonants and vowels; often includes rhythm and inflection, so that the infant may sound as though he’s asking a question or involved in a conversation

Answer 10

babbling

Question 11

about one and a half to 6 years; vocabulary increases rapidly and most children have mastered the major aspects of language

Answer 11

language explosion

Question 12

the ability of infants to discriminate between any sounds they’re tested on; includes sounds from non-native languages

Answer 12

Universal Phoneme Sensitivity

Question 13

occur when children apply a rule too broadly, and can occur at the level of meaning or syntax

Answer 13

overextensions

Question 14

occur when children apply a rule to a specific object only

Answer 14

underextensions

Question 15

Noam Chomsky has argued that language develops rapidly due to an innate mechanism

Answer 15

Language Acquisition Theory (LAD)

Question 16

when a forager is successful in finding a source of food, the honeybee returns to the hive, and performs a waggle dance to communicate the location of the food to other bees

Answer 16

the waggle dance

Question 17

4 criteria of language

Answer 17

symbolic, arbitrary associations, productive, rule governed

Question 18

words whose sounds are associated with their meanings

Answer 18

Onomatopoeia

Question 19

Language is designed to use a small number of components to produce and understand a wide range of symbols

Answer 19

productive

Question 20

Allow various languages to use different sounds to label the same item

Answer 20

Arbitrary associations

Question 21

With the limited set of sound combinations and words in a language, a potentially infinite number of expressions can be made, including completely novel expressions

Answer 21

rule-governed

Question 22

The meaning that is produced through the use and combination of certain words and morphemes

Answer 22

semantics

Question 23

the loss of universal phoneme sensitivity, occurs when individuals begin to specialize in a particular language and suggests that this is somewhat inherent but shaped by early experiences such as infant directed speech

Answer 23

perceptual narrowing

Question 24

occurs when someone typically suffered a stroke or head injury that gas damaged areas in the left hemisphere involved in motor control of speech

Answer 24

Foreign Accent Syndrome (FAS)

Question 25

demonstrates understanding of expectations of face-to-face social interaction

Answer 25

still face procedure

Question 26

the understanding and use of appropriate communication, develops through conversational cooing and vocalizing with parents

Answer 26

pragmatics

Question 27

refers to spoken words used to express languages

Answer 27

Expressive vocab

Question 28

refers to the understanding of more complex words and expressions by children that they are not yet able to use

Answer 28

Receptive vocab

Question 29

the understanding of language as symbolic and rule based

Answer 29

metalinguistic awareness

Question 30

Suggests that language abilities are acquired through imitation and operant conditioning, with support from case studies of language deprivation during development

Answer 30

social learning theory

Question 31

Chomsky has suggested the existence of a language acquisition device and basic universal rules for all languages; support comes from the spontaneous development of sign language in deaf children, preference for speech sounds and neurophysiological responses to native languages

Answer 31

Innate Mechanism Theory

Question 32

Nature or nurture is insufficient, both are needed to explain language

Answer 32

Interactionist Theories