instrumental conditioning Flashcards
determined whether a behaviour was maintained or eliminated
stamping in and stamping out theory
behaviours with positive consequences are stamped in, those with negative consequences are stamped out
law of effect
Presentation of a positive reinforcer; increases the frequency of a behaviour.
reward training
Presentation of a negative reinforcer; decreases the frequency of a behaviour.
punishment training
Removal of a positive reinforcer; decrease in the behaviour being reinforced.
omission training
Removal of a negative reinforcer; increase in the response behaviour.
escape training
behaviour can be learned without careful guidance by the researcher
autoshaping
Signals when a contingency between a response and a reinforcement is “on
discriminative stimulus (SD)
is a cue that indicates when the contingent relationship is not valid
S-delta or (S-)
based on the number of responses; determines when reinforcement is given.
Ratio Schedule
based on the time since the last response that was reinforced.
Interval Schedule
conditions that are held constant across trials
Fixed Schedule
provided following a variable amount of work/length of time.
Variable Schedule
forming new voluntary behaviours that direct goal-centered actions.
instrumental conditioning
something that produces satisfaction when received.
Appetitive Stimulus
arrival of an aversive stimulus follows a response; decreases the likelihood of that response occurring again.
positive punishment
when a response leads to the removal of an appetitive stimulus; decreases the probability of that response occurring again (omission training).
negative punishment
changes in the value of a reward lead to shifts in response rate.
contrast effects
switching from a high to a low reward leads to a slower response rate.
negative contrast
switching from a low to a high reward leads to a faster response rate.
positive contrast
must do something a certain amount of times to receive an award
fixed ratio
Reinforcement delivered after some random number of responses around a characteristic mean.
variable ratio
Reinforcement is delivered following the first response after a set interval or time
fixed interval
Reinforcement received at any time; you have an idea of how often reinforcement is likely to come up.
variable interval
